1,720,998 research outputs found
Comparative Studies of Glycoprotein Using Isotope Labeling and Electrospray Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry
醣蛋白之表現會隨著生理狀態和疾病型式而改變,並與疾病發展相關,因此研究不同狀態下醣蛋白之變化,對於疾病之診斷可提供有用的資訊。醣蛋白濃度、醣鏈分佈及醣化程度皆可能影響醣蛋白之表現,因此本研究主要目的在於提出一分析的策略可用於評估不同狀態下,醣蛋白濃度、醣鏈分佈和醣化程度的相對變化量。藉由比較醣胜肽和胜肽在不同狀態時的質譜訊號相對強度,以獲得醣蛋白濃度、醣化程度、醣鏈分佈之相對變化。利用d0-甲醛與d2-甲醛同位素標記兩不同狀態的醣胜肽,以纖維素微晶體純化醣胜肽,並以電灑法質譜儀偵測以逹到相對定量之分析。為了證實策略之可行性,首先以核糖核酸酶B作為探討對象,探討新策略在以下不同狀態之可行性:(1).醣蛋白濃度改變、醣鏈分佈和醣化程度皆不變;(2).醣鏈分佈改變、醣蛋白濃度與醣化程度皆不變;(3).醣化程度改變、醣蛋白濃度與醣鏈分佈皆不變;(4).醣蛋白濃度、醣鏈分佈、醣化程度均改變。證實所提出之相對定量策略方法可有效地區辨不同狀態下醣蛋白表現之變化,來自於醣蛋白濃度改變、醣化程度改變或醣鏈分佈改變之貢獻分別為何。此外,利用電灑法離子阱質譜分析醣胜肽,藉由離子阱質譜儀具有多次質譜/質譜之能力,於正離子模式下,以質譜/質譜(MS2)獲得醣鏈組成資訊,並以質譜/質譜/質譜(MS3)獲得醣化位置之資訊;於負離子模式下,以多次質譜/質譜(MSn)方式可獲得醣鏈鍵結資訊。
進一步測試策略於複雜樣品具有一個以上醣化位置且醣鏈含有唾液酸之醣蛋白之適用性,選用乳鐵蛋白作為分析目標,以逆相液相毛細管液相層析取代纖維素微晶體純化步驟。實驗結果證實策略於複雜樣品可獲得醣蛋白濃度、醣鏈分佈和醣化程度的相對變化量。
將分析策略應用於真實樣品,選擇母乳中的乳鐵蛋白為真實樣品之例子。利用乳鐵蛋白標準品及市面上購得之鮮乳評估純化方法的可行性,且將各個純化步驟做最佳化的探討,再將收集得到之不同哺乳階段母乳樣品進行純化。最後將分析策略應用於不同哺乳期間母乳中的乳鐵蛋白,成功區別醣蛋白表現之變化來自醣蛋白濃度變化、醣化程度變化、或醣鏈分佈變化之貢獻為何。Glycoproteins are vared with regulatory states, type of disease, and even with disease progression. Therefore, comparative studies of the change of glycoproteins may provide useful information for the diagnosis of disease. Several causes including the change of glycoprotein concentration, the change of glycosylation site occupancy and the change of glycan profile may account for the difference if the signal of a glycopeptide was found to be changed. A new strategy was proposed for comparative analyses of glycoprotein in which the change of glycoprotein concentration, the change of glycosylation site occupancy and the change of glycan profile could be differentiated. Comparative analysis was performed by stable isotope labeling using formaldehyde-d0 and formaldehyde-d2 along with cellulose microcrystalline enrichment and mass spectrometry analysis. The utility of the proposed strategy was demonstrated with ribonuclease B. The feasibility of the new strategy under different situations was studied as following: (1)glycoprotein concentration changed, glycan profile and glycosylation site occupancy fixed; (2)glycan profile changed, glycoprotein concentration and glycosylation site occupancy fixed; (3)glycosylation site occupancy changed, glycoprotein concentration and glycan profile fixed; (4) glycoprotein concentration, glycan profile and glycosylation site occupancy all changed. As a consequence, the change of glycoprotein concentration, the change of glycosylation site occupancy and the change of glycan profile could be obtained simultaneously. ESI-MS analysis of glycopeptides was performed on a linear ion trap mass spectrometer. With the capability of MS2 and MS3 of the instrument, the site of glycosylation and the glycan sequence may also be obtained in positive-ion mode. The negative-ion mode of MSn was useful for glycan structural analysis.
To test the feasibility of the proposed strategy in complex glcoprotein with more than one glycosylation site and sialylated N-glycans, lactoferrin was chosen as the model compound. Cellulose microcrystalline enrichment was replaced by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. The results showed that the change of glycoprotein concentration, the change of glycosylation site occupancy and the change of glycan profile could be obtained in complex glycoprotein sample.
To apply the strategy on lactoferrin from human milk of different stages of lactation period, first optimize purification method by lactoferrin standard and market milk. Lactoferrin was successfully purified form human milk. The glycoprotein change of lactoferrin from different lactation stages due to glycoprotein concentration, glycosylation site occupancy and glycan profile could be differentiated by the strategy
A Study on Criminal Responsibility for Terrorism
911之後的國際間瀰漫著一股濃烈的反恐思想,許多策略的制定都以反恐作其理由,雖然沒有遭遇過如911般的恐怖攻擊,不過在這樣的反恐行動中臺灣也沒有缺席,在2003年行政院便通過反恐怖行動法草案。但是反觀國內對這個問題並沒有充分的討論,尤其是對於恐怖行動的刑罰評價認定的研究更是付之闕如,而因此有對這些問題加以認識的必要。
本文試圖先對「恐怖主義」的概念本身做更深一層的了解,首先對於恐怖主義的定義,使用這種手段的原因,以及恐怖行動所造成的影響做較深入的討論。在第二章有關恐怖主義的定義問題討論之後可以發現,因為價值觀以及立場的不同﹝不論是國家和國家之間,或者是統治者和被統治者之間﹞,「恐怖主義」一詞並無法被精確地定義,使其與相關概念如:游擊戰爭、暴力犯罪之間劃分界線模糊甚而相互重疊,因此在相應政策制定會形成困難,也留給政策制定者很大的操作及詮釋空間。而國際政經局勢的變化﹝如二次大戰後的反殖民政府及國家分離運動﹞,以及科技通訊的發展,形成恐怖主義行動的發展起點,亦使得恐怖行動逐漸邁向多樣化及跨國合作的模式。透過相關問題的討論以後我們可以發現,恐怖主義並非一個距離我們遙遠的概念,而防制制度的設計更要考慮到其定義的相對性,以避免國家權力的分配不均。
在對於什麼「東西」是恐怖主義有了初步的認識之後,基於要解決一個問題,要先了解該問題的成因才能對症下藥的觀念下,之後便接著討論形成恐怖主義的原因,並且討論恐怖主義所帶來的影響究竟為何,以求了解法秩序對於這樣的行為究竟該有怎樣的回應。不過在與一般犯罪行為相比較之後發現,恐怖主義對社會秩序所產生的特別的影響,只在於其行為所展示的意識型態的差異。
由於我國境內沒有發生過恐怖攻擊事件,對於此類事件的政策制定需仰賴外國經驗為參考,因此在第四章,對反恐問題有相當經驗及完備因應法制的英國、德國和美國的反恐法律制度為了解。在這些反恐法制的立法例中我們可以觀察到,因為對恐怖份子定位的不明確,造成刑事政策制定上的紛雜。不過大致的走向都是在程序法上大幅提前政府得以介入人民生活的方向,而在實體法上,則走向處罰的前置化跟重刑化的趨勢。
但是對恐怖行動為前置化和重刑化的處罰,究竟有無其實體法上的必要性是必須加以檢討的癥結。前置化的處罰主要體現在預備犯的立法模式,而既然同樣是在刑法的架構下討論行為處罰的正當性,便需要使用相同的標準,並且在同樣的客觀行為的前提下,不會造成因果關係流程不一樣的變化。所以處罰恐怖行動預備行為的問題就在於,是否因為出於恐怖主義目的的預備行為,跟其他犯罪的預備行為不同,而對法益侵害的因果關係流程有無法認識或控制的影響。不過既然在前面的討論得到恐怖行動對於法益的侵害與一般犯罪相較,並沒有本質上的不同,唯一的差別點只在於恐怖行動所顯示出的不同意識型態的表達,這種特定的動機目的,固然是行為人主觀上堅定自己行為的力量,但是這種對行為實行的堅定信念,與下定決心要犯罪的行為人相較,並沒有本質上的不同,因此這也不足以作為否定個別行為人在恐怖主義動機下的準備行為之後,對法益侵害因果流程加以變更的可能,如此一來,也就沒有另立標準的理由。
就加重處罰的立法方向來說,對於行為該當處罰的輕重程度,必須以法益侵害大小為原則,再搭配行為人的責任相平衡而定。恐怖行動並沒有造成更近一步的法益侵害,法益的侵害並不會因為特殊意圖而加深,個別的法益如果遭到侵害就是遭到侵害了,這樣的侵害並不會因為因為特定意圖的存在而有不同,因此缺乏加重處罰的基礎。在草案的設計上,我們可以發現對於恐怖行動的處罰類型,在現行法當中都已經有所規範,再加上對於前置化和加重處罰的必要性檢討,已經得到否定的答案,那麼,對於恐怖行動的實體刑罰,只要在現行法制下就可處理,就欠缺另為特別法規範的必要。
對於恐怖主義的問題,Jakobs提出了敵人刑法 (Feindstrafrecht) 的理論來專門處理對恐怖份子處罰的問題。不過敵人刑法在前提上,與法治國思想、多元價值觀的社會現實相衝突,在整體法體系的定位當中也不夠明確,再加上該理論的區分標準模糊,又有復辟行為人刑法思想的疑慮,也欠缺實際操作的可能性,因此並沒有引用敵人刑法概念作為反恐立法的裡論依據。After September 11, 2001 attacks, strategies worldwide are designed in the name of anti-terrorism. Although no terrorism attacks had happened in Taiwan, Taiwan government passed a draft of anti-terrorism law yet without adequate discussion.
This thesis will start with the definition of terrorism. After the discussion on the definition of terrorism in chapter two, we realize that due to the differences underlying value systems and backgrounds, it is difficult to define one and only definition of terrorism. Many confound guerilla, crime of violence with terrorism, and causing lots of problem as well as creating room for manipulating in the making of anti-terrorism strategies.
Chapter three introduces the reason why people choose this method to express themselves and the impact of terrorism will be discussed, so that we shall have better understanding of how to deter this kind of threat. Lack of experience with anti-terrorism, it is necessary for us to consult the stipulation of anti-terrorism in other counties. In chapter four the anti-terrorism law in UK, Germany and USA will be presented and discussed to figure out the tendency of anti-terrorism strategy.
After studying the tendency of anti-terrorism legislation, we found two trends noteworthy: the advanced punishment of terrorism-related actions, especially the preparations of related actions, and the increase of penalty to crimes of terrorism. It is essential to clarify whether these stipulations are legitimate or not before legislating. However the criminal theory is against these two trends. For there is no crucial difference between terrorism actions and other crimes, there is no need to apply other criterion to decide which actions should be punished. As to the increase of penalty, compared to other crimes terrorism actions do not generate further or additional victim Interests which deserve protection by criminal law. Therefore there is no reason to increase the penalty.
Instead of the traditional criminal law theory, professor Jakobs brought up a new criminal law theory aiming at Terrorism – “criminal law for enemy (Feindstrafrecht)”. With the conflict between the theory’s presupposition and the existing state of society, the obscurity problem of its positioning in whole legal construction and the slight possibility of practice due to its ambiguous criterion, there is no urgent need to adopt this theory.詳目
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機 1
第二節 研究範圍與論文架構 3
第一項 研究範圍 3
第二項 論文架構 4
第三項 用語說明 6
第二章 恐怖主義概念釐清 8
第一節 各式各樣的定義 8
第一項 字辭典或百科全書 8
第二項 學者看法 9
第三項 國際協定 10
一、聯合國 10
二、歐盟 11
第四項 各國定義 12
一、美國 12
二、英國 12
三、德國 13
第五項 小結 14
第二節 恐怖主義概念的發展 15
第一項 歷史回顧 15
第二項 小結 17
第三節 恐怖主義難以定義的原因 18
一、價值觀不同 19
二、不同時代行動因素不同 19
三、手段變化 19
第四節 定義過程中的問題檢討 20
第一項 區分政治性的必要性 21
第一款 政治的概念 21
第二款 政治性要件對恐怖主義的重要性 22
第三款 政治性的判斷 24
第二項 恐怖主義與游擊戰的區別 25
第一款 游擊戰的概念 26
第二款 游擊戰與傳統戰爭的差別 26
第三款 游擊戰與恐怖主義的區別 28
第五節 本文看法 29
第三章 恐怖主義的成因與影響 32
第一節 恐怖主義的成因──為何選擇恐怖手段 32
第一項 外在因素 32
第一款 恐怖行動本身所具特性 32
第一目 廉價戰爭 32
第二目 代理戰爭 (Proxy Warfare) 33
第三目 行動秘密且無法預防 33
第二款 國際情勢發展的推波助瀾 34
第二項 內在因素 38
第一款 個人層面 38
第二款 組織層面 41
第三項 小結 41
第二節 恐怖主義的影響 42
第一項 恐怖主義的實際破壞 42
第二項 恐懼感 45
第一款 恐懼感來源 45
第一目 行動本身 47
1. 手段 47
2. 時間的難以預測 48
3. 行動對象的不一定 49
第二目 意識型態的衝突 49
第三目 傳統戰爭秩序的破壞 52
第二款 恐懼所可能造成的後果 54
第三款 恐懼感的檢討 55
第三項 對政府影響 58
第一款 緝兇壓力 58
第二款 政策影響 58
第四章 反恐怖主義的對策 62
第一節 各國對策 62
第一項 英國 62
第一款 立法目的 63
第二款 法條綜攬 64
第一部份:新增一系列的犯罪行為,以協助警察對付恐怖主義 64
第二部分:附則 miscellaneous 65
第三部分:追加條文 (supplemental provisions) 66
第三款 立法評論 66
第一目 90天拘留時間 (detention) 66
第二目 人權的侵害 67
第三目 用字過於模糊 67
第四目 主觀化的執法可能 68
第二項 德國 68
第三項 美國 72
第一款 秘密搜索Sneak-and-Peek Searches 73
第二款 圖書查詢系統的監控 government access to library records 74
第三款 實踐成果的不彰 75
第二節 立法趨勢分析 76
第一項 實體法大量預備犯的入罪化與重刑化 76
第二項 程序法部份 78
第一款 對資訊蒐集的重視 78
第二款 拘留 (detention) 或拘禁 (internment) 的大量使用 79
第三項 小結 82
第三節 恐怖主義對策的檢討 82
第五章 恐怖行動可罰性檢討 86
第一節 前置化的檢討 86
第一項 預備犯的可罰性 87
第一款 處罰預備犯的理由 87
第一目 學說看法 87
第二目 本文見解 89
第二款 形式預備犯的可罰性 93
第三款 實質預備犯的可罰性 97
第二項 恐怖行動相關預備行為可罰性檢討 98
第一款 學說看法 98
第二款 本文見解 100
第三款 各種規定檢討 103
第一目 形式預備犯 103
第二目 實質預備犯─恐怖組織相關犯罪 104
1.參加 105
2.發起 106
3.資助 106
4.首謀、主持、操縱、指揮 107
第三項 小結 108
第二節 加重處罰的檢討 109
第一項 構成要件的檢討 110
第一款 造成新法益的侵害 110
第一目 法益的概念 110
第二目 恐怖行動是否造成新法益侵害 113
第二款 特殊意圖 119
第二項 違法性的檢討 123
第三項 罪責的檢討 124
第三節 特別立法必要的檢討 128
第六章 反恐法制的特別理論──敵人刑法 130
第一節 敵人刑法概說 130
第一項 理論概說 130
第二項 理論發展 135
第一款 理論起源 135
第二款 概念的精確化與極端化 136
第三款 概念的深入與闡明 137
第三項 學界反應 139
第一款 1985 ~ 2000 期間 139
第二款 2000之後 139
第二節 敵人刑法理論的檢討 140
第一項 敵人刑法概念前提的檢討 140
第一款 敵人刑法與法治國思想的衝突 140
第二款 敵人刑法與多元價值觀的社會的矛盾 141
第三款 法律體系的定位不明確 143
第二項 敵人刑法概念對刑法體系的影響 144
第一款 建立界限清楚的市民刑法與仇敵刑法的不可行 144
第一目 理論的假設前提 144
第二目 區別標準的不明確 144
第三目 事實上的不可能 147
第二款 行為人刑法的復辟 147
第三款 與兩極化刑事政策的比較 151
第四款 與保安處分的比較 152
第三項 敵人刑法概念於實務操作上的衝突 153
第三節 結論 155
第七章 結論 158
第一節 本文結論 158
第二節 立法必要之檢討 170
參考文獻 175
附錄一 行政院版反恐怖行動法草案 185
附錄二 立委版反恐怖行動法草案 19
sj-pdf-1-jva-10.1177_11297298221086173 – Supplemental material for Functioning tailor-made 3D-printed vascular graft for hemodialysis
Supplemental material, sj-pdf-1-jva-10.1177_11297298221086173 for Functioning tailor-made 3D-printed vascular graft for hemodialysis by Ming-Chia Li, Pu-Yuan Chang, Huai-Rou Luo, Ling-Yuan Chang, Chuan-Yi Lin, Chih-Yu Yang, Oscar Kuang-Sheng Lee, Yan-Hwa Wu Lee and Der-Cherng Tarng in The Journal of Vascular Access</p
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
The present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
We provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
We conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
We have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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