275 research outputs found
Sanat Yapma Eyleminde Tekrarlar
No full textREPETITIONS IN THE PRACTICE OF ART
Supervisor: Prof. Refa EMRALİ
Author: Elvan SERİN
ABSTRACT
In the proficiency report in art which is named “Repetitions in the Practice of Art” the word repetition is approached overall as a concept. The practice of repetition, recurrents, gestures and mimics are examined comprehensively and evaluated through examples. The roles repetitions play and the meanings attributed to them were brought out from history to ourday. The long running processes, during which the artists repeat the same simple craft bit by bit innumerable times -just as realising a ritual – are handled. The connection between the artists and their works, their personal lives are examined through their remarkable craft and their manual work. These works, which are created with great passion and which in a way can be categorised as obssessive, are dealt with the explanation of the artists. In these explanations the link between their works and their inner worlds, their process of creating, their motivation is put forward. From a psychoanalytical view, the meditative and theurapatic effects of their work of art have been seen in the lives of those artists who practice recurrences. In this report, it is emphasized that with each repetition the artist could go deeper down in his/her innerworld. The ritualistic character of the recurrences are exposed.
Keywords
Repetition, recurrence, craft, process, psychoanalysis.SANAT YAPMA EYLEMİNDE TEKRARLAR
Danışman: Prof. Refa EMRALİ
Yazar: Elvan SERİN
ÖZ
“Sanat Yapma Eyleminde Tekrarlar” adlı sanatta yeterlik raporunda tekrar sözcüğü bir kavram olarak detaylı biçimde ele alınmıştır. Sanatta tekrarlama eylemi, tekrarlayan birimler, hareket ve mimikler kapsamlı bir biçimde incelenmiş, örnekler üzerinden değerlendirilmiştir. Sanat tarihinde tekrar içeren eserlerden günümüz sanatına kadar tekrarın nasıl rollere büründüğü, tekrara nasıl anlamlar yüklendiği üzerinde durulmuştur. Sanatçıların aynı basit el işçiliğinin defalarca ve yavaş yavaş tekrarlamasıyla oluşan –tıpkı bir ritüeli gerçekleştirir gibi- uzun soluklu süreçleri ele alınmıştır. Sanatçıların eserleri ile olan bağları, kişisel yaşantıları, el işçiliğinin dikkat çektiği yapıtları üzerinden incelenmiştir. Bir yanıyla obsesif olarak nitelendirilebilen, tutku ile üretilmiş eserler sanatçıların açıklamaları ile birlikte ele alınmıştır. Bu açıklamalarda sanatçıların kendi iç dünyaları, yaratma süreçleri, motivasyonları ile eserleri arasındaki bağlar ortaya koyulmuştur. Psikanalitik açıdan bir yaklaşım ile; tekrarlar ile çalışan sanatçıların yaşantılarında, sanatlarının meditatif ve sağaltıcı etkileri görülmüştür. Bu raporda tekrarlayan eylemler ve birimlerde her bir tekrarda iç dünyada daha da derine inildiği üzerinde durulmuştur. Yapılan uygulamalarda da, tekrarlamaların ritüelistik özellikleri yansıtılmıştır.
Anahtar Sözcükler
Tekrar, tekrarlamak, zanaat, süreç, psikanaliz
Modelling of Escherichia coli in The Serin River, Serian Using The QUAL2K Model
No full textSerin River is an important river because it is a source of drinking water and is used for recreation by the villagers. Hence, the objectives of this study were to determine the impact of different land uses on the faecal bacteria concentration and to determine the suitability and reliability of QUAL2K model to predict faecal bacteria concentration in the river water. A total of 8 trips were made from September 2009 till March 2010 with 5 stations along the main river and 4 tributaries that were studied. Results of analysis showed that tributaries that received pig farm effluent recorded significantly higher mean concentration of Escherichia coli (E. coli) of 3.31 log CFU/mL and total suspended solids (TSS) of 57 mg/L. Present study also showed that there is significant correlation between E. coli concentration and TSS. According to the NWQS, all the stations fell into Class III and Class IV based on E. coli concentration. The model was calibrated and validated using field data from October 2009 to March 2010. The prediction results showed that for the river water to be suitable as drinking water source, no E. coli contamination should be discharged from the headwater and from Sg. Bukah. As for the suitability of river water for recreational purposes, the maximum recommended concentration of E. coli allowed for the headwater, SB, SP and SR; were <400 CFU/100mL, <900 CFU/100mL, <1000 CFU/100mL and <380 CFU/100mL respectively during low tide, and during high tide, maximum concentration of E. coli allowed were <400 CFU/100mL, <1600 CFU/100mL, <2500 CFU/100mL and <510 CFU/100mL respectively. It is recommended that further studies be conducted on monitoring water quality by using models to ensure long term planning and sustainability use of river water
Draco quinquefasciatus Hardwicke & Gray 1827
No full textDraco quinquefasciatus Hardwicke & Gray, 1827 — Native. Draco 5 fasciata Hardwicke & Gray, 1827: 219. Holotype: BMNH 1946.8.27.4 (formerly BM 23.6 a), by original designation. Type locality: “ India ” (in error); later restricted to “nachträglich festgelegt in Penang ”, Peninsular Malaysia by Hennig (1936: 193). Five-banded Flying Dragon (Figure 11B; Lower Peirce Forest) Singapore records. Draco quinquefasciatus —J.L. Grismer et al., 2002: 65 (Bukit Timah Nature Reserve).—N. Baker & K.P. Lim, 2008: 54, 158.—K.K.P. Lim et al., 2008: 169.— Manthey, 2008: 49.—L.L. Grismer, 2011b: 203, 207.—P.K.L. Ng et al., 2011: 316.—N. Baker & K.P. Lim, 2012: 76, 159.—Chan-ard et al., 2015: 83.—Serin, 2015b: 29 (Bukit Timah Nature Reserve; Mandai Track 15).—Sankar & M.F.C. Ng, 2016a: 71 (Venus Loop [WNP]).— Khew & Yokohari, 2017: 12.—W. Wong, 2017: 51.—R.C.H. Teo & Thomas, 2019: 147, 156, 180 (Bukit Timah Nature Reserve).— Janssen & Sy, 2022: 27, 149. Remarks. First discovered on 13 March 2001 at BTNR (Grismer et al. 2002), D. quinquefasciatus was considered rare (Baker & Lim 2012). This record appears to have been overlooked by Teo & Thomas (2019) as they stated D. quinquefasciatus was previously unrecorded from BTNR. Two photographs of D. quinquefasciatus shown in Baker & Lim (2012) indicate that it was sighted presumably after Grismer et al. (2002). Baker & Lim (2012) also mentioned that D. quinquefasciatus occurs in CNR, implying the photos were taken somewhere within CCNR (Subaraj 2015). Three subsequent observations of an individual at Mandai Track 15 on 24 February 2015 (Subaraj 2015), one at WNP on 3 April 2016 (Sankar & Ng 2016a), and one photographed at LPF on 19 February 2017 (Fig. 11B) (J.G.H. Seah pers. comm.) display that D. quinquefasciatus is distributed throughout CNR and its surrounding nature parks. Occurrence. Restricted to CNR and surrounding Nature Parks and forests. Uncommon. Singapore conservation status. Endangered. Conservation priority. Highest. IUCN conservation status. Least Concern [2021]. LKCNHM & NHMUK Museum specimens. No specimens. Additional Singapore museum specimens. No specimens. Singapore localities. Bukit Timah Nature Reserve—Lower Peirce Forest—Mandai Track 15—Windsor Nature Park.Published as part of Figueroa, Alex, Low, Martyn E. Y. & Lim, Kelvin K. P., 2023, Singapore's herpetofauna: updated and annotated checklist, history, conservation, and distribution, pp. 1-378 in Zootaxa 5287 (1) on page 94, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5287.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/796031
Quantitative proteomic analysis of the binding proteins of histone H3 and the Four and a Half LIM-3 (FHL3) protein
No full textDie Aufklärung spezifischer Protein-Protein-Interaktionen ist eine
Grundvoraussetzung für das Verständnis vieler zellulärer Vorgänge. Durch
massenspektrometrische Proteomanalysen wurde eine Vielzahl von
posttranslationalen Proteinmodifikation, wie beispielsweise
Phosphorylierungen, entdeckt, die Protein-Protein-Interaktionen regulieren
können. Diese regulatorischen Proteinmodifikationen erschweren die Analyse der
Protein-Protein-Interaktionen weiterhin, da sie in manchen Fällen
Interaktionen erst ermöglichen, in anderen Fällen diese jedoch unterdrücken.
Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, mit den Mitteln der Chemischen Biologie und
massenspektrometrischer Proteomanalysen die Protein-Protein-Wechselwirkungen
von Histon H3 in Abhängigkeit von Phosphorylierung zu untersuchen sowie die
Bindungspartner des Adapterproteins Four-and-a-Half-LIM 3 (FHL3) zu
identifizieren. Das erste Projekt dieser Arbeit widmete sich den
phosphorylierungs-abhängigen Interaktionsproteinen von Histon H3. Histone
verpacken DNA in Form von Chromatin und können Genregulation über
posttranslationale Modifikationen steuern. Die Phosphorylierung von Serin-10
in Histon H3 ist eine dieser Modifikationen. In diesem Projekt sollten
Proteine identifiziert werden, die vermittelt durch diese Modifikation an
Histon H3 binden. Des Weiteren war geplant Bindeprotein von H3 zu
identifizieren, die durch die Serin-10-Phosphorylierung von Histone H3
unterdrückt werden sowie die zugehörigen Phosphatasen, die diese Modifikation
entfernen. Dazu wurde Phosphonomethylenalanin (Pma), ein Mimetikum von
Phosphoserin, dass nicht durch Phosphatasen gespalten werden kann, an Position
10 in ein Peptid inkorporiert, das vom N-Terminus von H3 abgeleitet wurde.
Nach Funktionsüberprüfung dieses Pma-modifizierten Peptids wurde eine
Proteomanalyse basierend auf der SILAC-Methode (Stable isotope labeling by
amino acids in cell culture) durchgeführt. Durch diese Analyse wurden diverse
14-3-3-Isoformen als Bindeproteine von Serin-10-phosphorylierten Histon H3
identifiziert. Phosphatasen konnten hingegen nicht gefunden werden.
Differenzielle SILAC–Analysen mit H3-Peptiden synthetisiert aus L- oder
D-Aminosäuren erlaubten weiterhin die Identifikation vieler Proteine, die
spezifisch an unmodifiziertes H3 binden. Darunter waren Komponenten eines
Deacetylase-Komplexes (NuRD), Hitzeschockproteine (HSC70, APG2),
transkriptionellen Aktivatoren (WDR5, MYST2) und Repressoren (EHMT2, KDM5B).
Mit HAT1 und RBBP7 wurden ferner zwei Bindeproteine vom unmodifizierten H3
identifiziert, deren Bindung durch die Phosphorylierung von Serin-10
unterdrückt wurde. In nachfolgenden Validierungsexperimenten konnten diese
Beobachtungen bestätigt werden. Für ausgewählte Proteine wurde des Weiteren
die Beeinflussung des Bindungsvermögens in Abhängigkeit von allen bekannten
Phosphorylierungen in H3-Tail untersucht. In einem zweiten Projekt wurde das
Four-and-a-Half-LIM 3 (FHL3) Protein einer quantitativen SILAC-Proteomanalyse
unterzogen, mit dem Ziel, die bislang noch größtenteils unbekannten
Interaktionspartner dieses Adapterproteins zu identifizieren und eine
vermutete Interaktion mit Chromatinkomponenten experimentell zu überprüfen.
Zunächst konnte gezeigt werden, dass FHL3 sowohl im Zellkern als auch im
Cytosol, der für die Proteomanalyse verwendeten Fibroblastenzelline (Swiss
3T3) lokalisiert ist. Die nachfolgenden Proteomanalysen erlaubten die
reproduzierbare Identifikation von 484 FHL3-Bindeproteinen in
Zellkernextrakten und 244 in den cytosolischen Fraktionen dieser Zelllinie,
wobei die meisten der identifizierten Protein bis jetzt nicht als
Interaktionspartner von FHL3 beschrieben wurden. Eine direkte Interaktion mit
Histonen konnte nicht beobachtet werden, wohl aber Proteine, die an
Chromatinprozessierungen beteiligt sind. Ausgewählte FHL3-Interaktionspartner
wurden durch Pull-Down Experimente und Western Blot Analyse bestätigt.
Darunter befanden sich der transkriptionelle Coaktivator CBP,
Schlüsselkomponenten der eukaryotischen DNA-Replikation (MCM3 und POLD1) und
die mitotische Serin/Threonin-Kinase TLK1. Neben diesen kernlokalisierten
Proteinen konnte die FHL3-Interaktion der Ubiquitin-Ligase DTX3L im nuklearen
Extrakt und der cytosolischen Fraktion bestätigt werden sowie die FHL3-Bindung
der cytosolischen Polyphosphoinositide-Phosphatase FIG4. Durch diese
Proteomanalyse und die nachgeschalteten Validierungsexperimente konnte FHL3
mit einer Vielzahl essentieller sowie pathologischer zellulärer Prozesse in
Verbindung gebracht werden.The identification of specific protein-protein interactions is a basic
requirement for a comprehensive understanding of many cellular processes. Mass
spectrometric proteome analyses have uncovered a multitude of
posttranslational protein modifications, such as protein phosphorylation,
which regulate protein-protein interactions. These regulatory modifications
add a new layer of complexity because they can either facilitate or block
protein-protein interactions. The aim of this thesis was the investigation of
protein-protein interaction network of histone H3 and its modulation by
protein phosphorylation as well as the identification of binding partners of
the adapter protein Four-and-a-Half-Lim 3 (FHL3) by means of chemical biology
and mass spectrometric proteomic analysis. The first project of this thesis
focused on the phosphorylation-depended interaction proteins of histone H3.
Histones package DNA in form of chromatin and control gene activity via
posttranslational modifications. The phosphorylation of serine-10 is one of
those modifications and in this project proteins should be identified that
bind to histone H3 in response to this modification. Furthermore, it was
planned to identify binding proteins of unmodified H3, which are suppressed by
serine-10 phosphorylation and to find associated phosphatases which remove
this modification. Therefore, phosphonomethylenalanin (Pma), a mimetic of
phosphoserine that cannot be cleaved by phosphatases was incorporated at
position 10 in a peptide derived from the N-terminus of H3. After testing the
functionality of the Pma-modified peptide, a proteome analysis was performed
based on the SILAC method (stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell
culture). The analysis uncovered various 14 3 3 isoforms as binding proteins
of serin-10 phosphorylated histone H3. However, phosphatases could not be
identified. Differential SILAC analyses with H3 peptides synthesized from L or
D amino acids identified many proteins that specifically bind to unmodified
H3. Among them are components of a deacetylase complex (NuRD), heat shock
proteins (HSC70, APG2), transcriptional activators (WDR5, MYST2) and
repressors (EHMT2, KDM5B). Furthermore with HAT1 and RBBP7 two binding
proteins of the unmodified H3 were identified, whose binding activity was
suppressed by the phosphorylation of serine-10. These observations were
confirmed in subsequent validation experiments. In addition the modulation of
binding capability of selected proteins was examined in dependency of all
known phosphorylation sites in H3. In the second project the Four-and-a-Half-
LIM protein 3 was subjected to a quantitative proteome analysis with the aim
to identify the interaction partners of this adapter protein and to verify a
putative interaction with chromatin components. Initially, it has been
demonstrated that FHL3 is localized in both the nucleus and the cytosol of
Swiss 3T3 mouse fibroblasts used in this project. The following 484 FHL3
binding proteins were identified in nuclear extracts and 244 in the cytosolic
fractions of this cell line. Most of these reproducibly identified proteins
have not been described as interaction partner of FHL3. A direct interaction
with histones could not be observed but several proteins involved in chromatin
processing could be identified. Selected FHL3 interaction partners were
confirmed by pull-down experiments and western blot analysis. These proteins
include the transcriptional coactivator CBP, key components of the eukaryotic
DNA replication (MCM3 and POLD1) and the mitotic serine/threonine kinase TLK1.
Beside these nuclear localized proteins, an interaction between FHL3 and the
ubiquitin ligase DTX3L could be confirmed in the nuclear and the cytosolic
fraction of Swiss 3T3 cells as well as the interaction of FHL3 with the
cytosolic polyphosphoinositide phosphatase FIG4. Based on this proteome
analysis and the downstream validation experiments FHL3 could be connected to
a variety of essential, as well as pathological cellular processes
Leptobrachium nigrops Berry & Hendrickson 1963
No full textLeptobrachium nigrops Berry & Hendrickson, 1963 — Native. Leptobrachium nigrops Berry & Hendrickson, 1963: 644. Holotype: FMNH 134719, by original designation. Type locality: “ Singapore Catchment Area near Nee Soon Pumping Station, altitude 10–15 meters”, Singapore. Black-eyed Litter Frog (Figure 5E) Singapore records. Leptobrachium hasseltii (part)— Flower, 1896: 913.— Hanitsch, 1898: 8.—A.L. Butler, 1904: 397–398.— Hanitsch, 1912b: 19. Megalophrys hasseltii (part)— Boulenger, 1912: 282–283. Megalophrys hasselti [sic] (part)—van Kampen, 1923: 13–15. Megophrys hasseltii hasseltii (part)— Bourret, 1942: 213. Leptobrachium hasseltii hasseltii (non-Tschudi, 1838)—Taylor, 1962: 314. Leptobrachium nigrops Berry & Hendrickson, 1963: 644 (Nee Soon Pumping Station [NSSF]).— Berry, 1964: 227–243 (Nee Soon Swamp Forest).— Berry, 1965: 163–174 (Nee Soon Swamp Forest).— Inger, 1966: 37, 39.—Inger & Bacon, 1968: 602.— Berry, 1975: 36 (Singapore Catchment Area).— K. Lim, 1988b: 6 (Nee Soon Swamp Forest).—K. Lim, 1988f: 77 (Nee Soon Swamp Forest).—K. Lim, 1989h: 65 (Nee Soon Swamp Forest; Sime Road Forest).—K.K.P. Lim, 1989a: 56 (Nee Soon Swamp Forest).—K. Lim, 1990b: 12 (Lower Peirce Reservoir [LP]; Nee Soon Swamp Forest).— K.P. Lim & L.M. Chou, 1990: 56.—K.K.P. Lim & C.M. Yang, 1991: 218 (Jungle Fall Valley [BTNR]; Mandai Road).—K.K.P. Lim & F.L.K. Lim, 1992: 21, 143.—K.K.P. Lim & Subharaj, 1992: 9 (Lower Peirce Reservoir [LP]).—P.K.L. Ng & K.K.P. Lim, 1992: 260 (Nee Soon Swamp Forest).—Wee, 1992: 73 (Lower Peirce Reservoir Park).—L.M. Chou et al., 1994: 93.—K.P. Lim, 1994: 14 (Lornie Track [LF]; MacRitchie Golf Course Trail [MNF]; MacRitchie North Forest [MNF]; Mandai Track [NSSF]; Thomson Ridge Trail [TRF]; Upper Peirce West Forest).—K.K.P. Lim, 1994a: 330.—K. Lim, 1995: 19 (Catchment Pond [BTNR]).—Inger, 1996: 553.— Glaw & Vences, 1997: 133.—R.C.H. Teo & Rajathurai, 1997: 395.— Manthey & Grossmann, 1997: 73.—Chan-ard et al., 1999: 15.—T.M. Leong & L.M. Chou, 1999: 87–88.— Matsui et al., 1999: 27.— Iskandar & Colijn, 2000: 12.—T.M. Leong, 2000: 3.—K.P. Lim & F.L.K., 2002: 143.— Das & Haas, 2005: 379.—N. Baker & K.P. Lim, 2008: 55, 158.—R.M. Brown et al., 2009: 15, 44.— Bickford et al., 2010: 121.—T.M. Leong, 2011: 20, 22.—T.M. Leong & Gan, 2011: 22.—P.K.L. Ng et al., 2011: 365.—N. Baker & K.P. Lim, 2012: 55, 158.— Gilbert et al., 2012: 393.— Hamidy et al., 2012: 22, 23, 25, 28, 36.—L.K. Wang et al., 2012: 120.—K.W. Chan, 2013a: 50, 51 (Bukit Timah Nature Reserve).—E.K. Chua, 2015: 94.—M.A.H. Chua, 2015c: 55.—R. Subaraj, 2015: 52, 54 (Mandai Range Forest; Ulu Sembawang Forest); Upper Seletar Peninsula [= USNF]).— S. Subaraj, 2015: 3, 4, 5 (Mandai Range Forest; Stephen Lee Woods [= RPN]; Upper Seletar Peninsula [= USNF]).—I.S. Law & Serin, 2016: 194–197 (Upper Peirce).—S.M. Chong et al., 2018: 253.—R.C.H. Teo & Thomas, 2019: 146, 150, 174, 179 (Bukit Timah Nature Reserve).— Leo et al., 2020: 254. Megophrys hasseltii —D.S. Johnson, 1964: 29.—D.S. Johnson, 1992: 41. Remarks. Before Taylor (1962) reported on a specimen he collected (EHT-HMS No. M200), L. nigrops was only known from Singapore from the first specimen collected by Ridley at an unnamed location (Flower 1896), and an unknown number of specimens deposited at the Raffles Museum (Hanitsch 1898; Butler 1904). Thus, no new specimens of L. nigrops were reported from Singapore for over 66 years (Table 2). The year after, Berry & Hendrickson (1963) redescribed L. nigrops as a new species, separating it from L. hasseltii. Berry & Hendrickson (1963) described L. nigrops based on specimens collected at NSSF, the type locality for L. nigrops (Table 1), from 1958 and 1959. Yet, Hendrickson collected specimens as early as 1952 (FMNH 172743). Furthermore, ZRC.1.154 was collected on 10 April 1910 on Mandai Road. Berry (1975) described L. nigrops as “especially common in Singapore Catchment area”. Reported observations became more common after Lim (1988b) reported seeing one at NSSF. Occurrence. Restricted to CNR and surrounding Nature Parks. Common. Singapore conservation status. Near-Threatened. Conservation priority. Moderate due to restricted range and narrow preference for swampy habitats. IUCN conservation status. Least Concern [2021]. LKCNHM & NHMUK Museum specimens. Bukit Timah Nature Reserve: ZRC.1.1544 (10-Oct-1973), ZRC.1.8046 (08-Jun-2001), ZRC.1.10326 (31-Dec-2002), ZRC.1.6199– ZRC.1.6209 (30-Dec-2000), ZRC.1.1521 (03-Oct-1987), ZRC.1.3406 (19-Sep-1996); Lorong Banir [SF]: ZRC.1.3405, ZRC.1.3408 (17-Sep-1996); Lower Peirce Reservoir: ZRC.1.11348 (24-Aug-2004), ZRC.1.4548– ZRC.1.4549 (Aug-1990), ZRC.1.2892 (13-Jul-1990), ZRC.1.10523 (14-Mar-2003), ZRC.1.3403 (13-Jul-1990); Mandai Orchid Garden [= MBP]: ZRC.1.12590 (02-Mar-2007); Mandai Road: ZRC.1.154 (10-Apr-1910); Nee Soon Swamp Forest: BMNH 1963.1 (no date), BMNH 1974.3053 – 3055 (no date) [paratypes], BMNH 1974.3065 (no date), ZRC.1.1260– ZRC.1.1264 (09-Dec-1974), ZRC.1.3404 (07-Sep-1991), ZRC.1.4214 (no date), ZRC.1.1769– ZRC.1.1772 (28-Dec-1989), ZRC.1.1784 (30-Mar-1990), ZRC.1.2760 (30- Apr-1990), ZRC.1.2913 (29-Sep-1990), ZRC.1.3407 (Jul-1996); Sime Road Forest: ZRC.1.11363– ZRC.1.11369 (02-Sep-2004), ZRC.1.11401 (17-Nov-2004), ZRC.1.11402– ZRC.1.11405 (17-Nov-2004), ZRC.1.1766 (24-Dec-1989), ZRC.1.9177 (19-Jan-2002), ZRC.1.10400– ZRC.1.10401 (15-Jan-2003), ZRC.1.10530 (15-Mar-2003), ZRC.1.6112– ZRC.1.6114 (12-Jan-2001), ZRC.1.11103– ZRC.1.11106 (23- Oct-2003); Venus Drive [WNP]: ZRC.1.3357 (18-Jul-1996); Upper Seletar Swamp Forest [= NSSF]: ZRC.1.6288– ZRC.1.6290 (30-Dec-2000). Additional Singapore museum specimens. Singapore (no locality): FMNH; Botanic Gardens: CAS; Mandai Road: BPBM; Nee Soon Swamp Forest: BPBM, KU, MNHN. Singapore localities. Bukit Timah Nature Reserve—Chestnut Nature Park—Lornie Forest—Lower Peirce—Lower Peirce Reservoir Park—MacRitchie North Forest—Mandai Bird Park—Mandai Range Forest—Mandai Road—Nee Soon Swamp Forest—Rainforest Park North—Sime Road Forest—Singapore Botanic Gardens*—Singapore Island Country Club—Springleaf Forest—Thomson Ridge Forest—Ulu Sembawang Forest—Upper Peirce—Upper Peirce West Forest—Upper Seletar North Forest—Windsor Nature Park. Genus Pelobatrachus Beddard, 1908 “1907”(1 species) Pelobatrachus Beddard, 1908 “1907”: 909 (type species: Ceratophryne nasuta Schlegel, 1858, by monotypy; gender masculine).Published as part of Figueroa, Alex, Low, Martyn E. Y. & Lim, Kelvin K. P., 2023, Singapore's herpetofauna: updated and annotated checklist, history, conservation, and distribution, pp. 1-378 in Zootaxa 5287 (1) on pages 39-40, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5287.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/796031
Ophiophagus hannah
No full textOphiophagus hannah (Cantor, 1836) — Native. Hamadryas hannah Cantor, 1836: 87–93, pls. 10–12. Holotype: BMNH 1996.451, by original designation. Type locality: “in the Sunderbuns … [and] in the jungle not far from Calcutta” (= Sundarbans, near Kolkata, West Bengal State), India. King Cobra (Figure 23E) Singapore records. Hamadryas ophiophagus — Cantor, 1847c: 1037, 1071, 1078. Trimeresurus ophiophagus —A.M.C. Duméril et al., 1854b: 1246. Trimeresurus bungarus — Jan, 1863: 118.— Jan & Sordelli, 1870 –1881: pl. 44 IV 1. Ophiophagus elaps — Dennys, 1878b: 104.— Dennys, 1879b: 3.— Dennys, 1880a: 3.— Blanford, 1881: 216.— Davison, 1892: 91. Naia bungarus — Boulenger, 1896: 387.— Flower, 1896: 894.— Hanitsch, 1898: 20.— Flower, 1899: 692.— Ridley, 1899: 201, 209 (Botanic Gardens).— Hanitsch, 1912b: 17.— Hanitsch, 1919: 3 (Mandai Road). Ophiophagus bungarus —J.C. Thompson, 1914: 399. “Hamadryad”—Hanitsch, 1914: 5 (“Leyang” [= Loyang]. Naja bungarus — Boettger, 1898: 122.— de Rooij, 1917: 249.— Buddle, 1929: 15 (Sembawang Naval Base [= SML]). Naja hannah —Sworder, 1923: 72.—Sworder, 1924a: 20 (Pulau Ubin).— Burton, 1950: 562.— de Haas, 1950: 598.—Tweedie, 1951: 6, unnumbered pl. (Island Golf Course [SICC]).—Tweedie, 1953: 98 (Island Golf Course [SICC]).—Tweedie, 1954: 117.—Tweedie, 1961: 102.—D.S. Johnson, 1964: 27.— Chuang, 1973: 4.—Sharma, 1973: 234.—E. Ng, 1979: 7. “Hamadryad or king cobra”—Anonymous, 1950: 7 (Island Golf Club [SICC]). Ophiophagus hannah — Leviton, 1965: 545.—Tweedie, 1983: 116.—F.L.K. Lim & M.T.-M. Lee, 1989: 116.— Gopalakrishnakone, 1990: 3.—K.K.P. Lim & L.M. Chou, 1990: 54.—F.L.K. Lim, 1991: 77.—D.S. Johnson, 1992: 38.—K.K.P. Lim & Subharaj, 1992: 8 (Lornie Road).—K.K.P. Lim & F.L.K. Lim, 1992: 84, 148 (Seletar).—Golay et al., 1993: 196.—L.M. Chou et al., 1994: 105.—K.K.P. Lim, 1994b: 219, 331 (Pulau Tekong; Sungei Buloh [SBWR]).—R. Subaraj et al., 1995: 3 (Bukit Kalang Service Road [SRF]).— David & Vogel, 1996: 149.— Manthey & Grossmann, 1997: 425.—R.C.H. Teo & Rajathurai, 1997: 385 (Lornie Forest; Nee Soon Range [NSSF]; Pulau Tekong).—Chan-ard et al., 1999: 38.—Orlov et al., 2000: 78.— Iskandar & Colijn, 2001: 123.—K.P. Lim & F.L.K. Lim, 2002: 148.— Anonymous, 2003: 92 (Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve).— Fry et al., 2003a: 447.— Leviton et al., 2003: 426.— de Lang & Vogel, 2005: 191.—N. Baker & K.P. Lim, 2008: 118, 161.—K.K.P. Lim et al., 2008: 1697, 265.— Das, 2010: 317.—T.M. Leong & Mishak, 2010: 269.— Chanhome et al., 2011: 314.—L.L. Grismer, 2011a: 217.—K.K.P. Lim et al., 2011: 143–156 (Adelphi Park [= Adelphi Park Estate], Marigold Drive; BBC Far Eastern Relay Station [KM]; Bras Basah Road; Bukit Panjang; Island Club Road [SICC]; Kampung Bahru [Tanjong Pagar]; Kranji Nature Trail [KRP]; National Service Resort & Country Club [KM]; Nee Soon Swamp Forest; Pulau Tekong; Rifle Range Road; Sarimbun Reservoir; Segar Road; Sentosa; Sime Road Camp; Singapore Island Country Club; Singapore Zoo; Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve; Upper Thomson Road-Tagore Drive [Tagore Forest]; Venus Drive [WNP]).—P.K.L. Ng et al., 2011: 302.—N. Baker & K.P. Lim, 2012: 118, 161.— Das, 2012a: 102.— Hrima et al., 2014: 268.—Wallach et al., 2014: 507.— Ambede, 2015: 133–136 (Nanyang Drive [Nanyang Technological University Jurong Campus]).—N. Baker, 2015c: 137 (Upper Peirce Reservoir Park).—Chan-ard et al., 2015: 254.— Das et al., 2015: 62.—R. Subaraj, 2015: 38 (Night Safari).—S. Subaraj, 2015: 7 (Night Safari).—D.J. Wang & S.G.M. Tay, 2015: 24 (Singapore Zoo).—R. He, 2016 (Sungei Buloh [= SBWR]).—I.S. Law, Groenewoud & Serin, 2016: 22–23 (Bukit Kalang [SRF]; eastern MacRitchie [TRF]; Upper Peirce, “attempting to cross a road” [UPRR).—K.K.P. Lim et al., 2016: 185 (Pulau Tekong).— Rakhmanaliev & Ivanova, 2016: 33 (Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve).— Khew & Yokohari, 2017: 11.— de Lang, 2017: 263.— Charlton, 2018: 20, 30.— Cox et al., 2018: 67.— Das, 2018: 121.— Kurniawan et al., 2018: 63 (Night Safari).— Leviton et al., 2018: 457.—M.E.Y. Low & Pocklington, 2019: 350.—Sankar & Harrick, 2019: 48–49 (MacRitchie Reservoir).—C.J. Tan, 2019a: 50 (Pasir Laba Road).—A. Tay, 2019b: 80 (Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve).—J. Aw & M.E.Y. Low, 2020: 37.—N. Baker & S.S. Baker, 2020: 176 (Old Upper Thomson Road).— Baral & Koirala, 2020: 211.— Charlton, 2020: 238–239.—N. Chua, 2020 (Bukit Timah Nature Reserve).— Koul et al., 2020: 93.—C.L.Y. Tan et al., 2020: 59 (Hindhede Quarry [HNP]).— K.H. Koh & Chanani-Parikh, 2021: 1 (Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve).—Sankar et al., 2021: 1 (Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve).—Shankar et al., 2021: 12, 16 (Singapore Zoo).—M.L. Kwak & A. Ng, 2022: 929. “King cobra”— He, 2015 (Nanyang Technological University).—Mong & H.H. Tan, 2016: 266.— Lay, 2017a (MacRitchie Trail [TRF]).— Danao, 2020 (Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve).— Ishak, 2020 (“HDB estate near Marsiling MRT”).—A. Tan, 2021c (Dairy Farm Nature Park).—A. Tan, 2021e (Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve).—A. Tan, 2021f (Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve).—K. Wong, 2021 (MacRitchie Nature Trail [TRF]).— Lean, 2022b (Hindhede Nature Park). Ophiophaus [sic] hannah —W. Wong, 2017: 52. Remarks. Lim et al. (2011) provide a history of 39 records of O. hannah in Singapore spanning from 1929 to 2010, beginning with Buddle’s (1929) observation of two individuals at SNB and ending with the capture of one in a drain along Island Club Road on 27 March 2010 that contained a freshly-eaten Malayopython reticulatus in its gut. This cobra was then placed and exhibited at Singapore Zoo. Lim et al. (2011) noted that Cantor (1847c) was the first to report O. hannah from Singapore, and that Sworder (1923) considered it uncommon. In between Cantor’s (1847c) and Buddle’s (1929) accounts, O. hannah was reported from museum specimens (Jan 1863; Blanford 1881; Boulenger 1896; Boettger 1898), and from field observations. Dennys (1878b) described the capture of one by some residents, Ridley (1899) mentioned four to five specimens taken at SBG within the span of six to seven years, Hanitsch (1914, 1916) reported one collected at Loyang and another at Mandai Road, and Sworder (1924a) obtained one at PU. The longest time O. hannah went unreported in the literature is 30 years (Table 2), between the time of one captured at SICC on 10 July 1950 (Tweedie 1953) and the photograph of ZRC 2. 2301 published in Lim & Lee (1989) which was collected at Singapore Zoo in June 1980 (Lim et al. 2011). Based on the frequency of records, Lim et al. (2011) expressed that O. hannah is not so rare in Singapore, a view also shared by Johnson (1964), but not supported by Baker & Lim (2012) who classified O. hannah as rare. After Lim et al. (2011), several records have been published (see records above), many of which describe predation events such as one attacking a M. reticulatus at NTU Jurong campus on 27 August 2015 (Ambede 2015; He 2015), one feeding on a juvenile Varanus salvator at SBWR on 7 January 2016 (He 2016), one that bit a M. reticulatus on the middle of a trail at TRF on 30 May 2017 (Lay 2017a), one holding onto a V. nebulosus at Night Safari on 3 April 2018 (Kurniawan et al. 2018), another that was holding onto a juvenile conspecific in water at MR on 19 May 2018 (Sankar & Harrick 2019), one that caught a Cerberus schneiderii along the mudflats at SBWR on 6 July 2018 (Tay 2019b), another one at SBWR feeding on another C. schneiderii on 17 July 2020 (Danao 2020), one holding onto a M. reticulatus in a drain at DFNP on 14 June 2021 (A. Tan 2021c), one that ate a M. reticulatus at SBWR on 22 June 2021 (Sankar et al. 2021; A. Tan 2021e), one that ate a C. schneiderii and a Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus at SBWR on 1 July 2021 (A. Tan 2021f), another at SBWR that also ate a C. schneiderii and a Trimeresurus purpureomaculatus on 16 August 2021 (Koh & Chanani-Parikh 2021), and one eating a V. nebulosus at HNP on 30 April 2022 (Lean 2022). Additional records include one which was seen swimming in Hindhede Quarry on 15 and 17 February 2020 (Tan et al. 2020), an approximately 3 m live individual seen in the lobby of an HDB estate near Marsiling MRT on 3 May 2020 (Ishak 2020), a large adult photographed crossing OUTR on 13 October 2020 (Baker & Baker 2020), one seen crossing a trail at BTNR on 3 December 2020 (Chua 2020), and one climbing onto a tree from the roof of a shelter at TRF on 14 February 2021 (Wong 2021). Occurrence. Wide-ranging. Uncommon. Singapore conservation status. Vulnerable. Conservation priority. Highest. IUCN conservation status. Vulnerable [2012]. LKCNHM & NHMUK Museum specimens. Singapore (no locality): BMNH 1882.11. 29.1 (no date); Bras Basah Road : ZRC.2.3209 (31-Jan-1935); Holland Road : ZRC. 2.7299 (28-Jan-2018); Island Club [SICC] : ZRC. 2.3210 (09-Jul-1950); Island Club Road [SICC] : ZRC.2.6837 (07-Aug-2009); Kampong Bahru Market : ZRC.2.3211 (07-Apr-1972); Mandai Lake Road : ZRC.2.2301 (Jun-1980); Pulau Tekong : ZRC.2.2509 (1987), ZRC.2.6201 (27-Jun-2006); Sime Road Camp: ZRC.2.3257 (24-Nov-1947); Singapore Island Country Club : ZRC.2.5442 (01-Jun-2002); Upper Peirce Reservoir Road : ZRC.2.7121 (02-Jul-2015), ZRC. 2.7118 (16-Sep-2015); Venus Drive [WNP] : ZRC.2.6701 (22-May-2008). Additional Singapore museum specimens. Singapore (no locality): CAS; Tanah Merah: BPBM. Singapore localities. Adelphi Park Estate—Bras Basah Road*—Bukit Panjang—Dairy Farm Nature Park— Hindhede Nature Park—Holland Road*—Kampong Bahru Market*—Kranji Marshes—Kranji Reservoir Park—Lornie Forest—Lornie Road—Loyang—MacRitchie North Forest—MacRitchie Reservoir— Mandai Lake Road—Mandai Road—Marigold Drive—Marsiling MRT—Nanyang Technological University Jurong Campus—Nee Soon Swamp Forest—Night Safari—Pasir Laba Road—Pulau Tekong— Pulau Ubin—Rifle Range Road—Sarimbun Reservoir—Segar Road—Seletar—Sembcorp Marine Ltd.*— Sentosa—Sime Road Camp—Sime Road Forest—Singapore Botanic Gardens—Singapore Island Country Club—Singapore Zoo—Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve—Tagore Forest—Tanah Merah*—Tanjong Pagar*—Thomson Ridge Forest—Upper Peirce Reservoir Park—Upper Peirce Reservoir Road—Windsor Nature Park.Published as part of Figueroa, Alex, Low, Martyn E. Y. & Lim, Kelvin K. P., 2023, Singapore's herpetofauna: updated and annotated checklist, history, conservation, and distribution, pp. 1-378 in Zootaxa 5287 (1) on pages 202-204, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5287.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/796031
Fallstudie av SJ:s krishantering och varumärkesuppbyggnad
No full textSammanfattning Titel: Fallstudie av SJ:s krishantering och varumärkesuppbyggnad Nivå: C-uppsats i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Madeleine Olsson och Serin Marangoz Handledare: Jonas Kågström Datum: Maj 2010 Syfte: Syftet med vår uppsats är att öka förståelsen för hur en kris påverkar företagets varumärke samt jämföra huruvida SJ:s krishantering stämmer överens med teorin. SJ:s kriser har resulterat i att konkurrensen blir större och att de tappar allt för många kunder som numera väljer andra bolag eller andra transportmedel. Vi vill veta hur SJ arbetar för att få dessa kunder att välja SJ som transportmedel igen. Metod: Vi har valt att använda oss av den kvalitativa metoden och därigenom samlat in vårt empiriska material genom intervjuer. Den kvalitativa metoden passar oss då vi valt att göra en fallstudie där vi vill få en djupare förståelse i hur SJ arbetar med sin krishantering och varumärkeskris samt hur de arbetar för att bygga upp sitt varumärke efter de senare årens problem som varit förknippade med SJ. Ett av tillvägagångssätten var att intervjua flera olika personer som arbetar inom olika avdelningar på SJ:s huvudkontor för att få ett sådant brett material som möjligt. Med vår teoridel som underlag skapade vi frågor till de anställda inom SJ. SJ:s kommunikationsdirektör Elisabeth Lindgren gav oss förslaget att samla ihop några av sina kollegor, kunniga inom respektive områden. Dessa personer diskuterade våra frågor tillsammans och sammanställde därefter sina svar för att vi skulle få så bra och innehållsrika svar som möjligt. Resultat & slutsats: SJ:s krishantering stämmer väl överens med teorin i enlighet med hur de ska arbeta för att vara väl förberedda inför kriser. Genom kundundersökningar har de nu kunnat lansera ett åtgärdsprogram för att kunna fokusera på de områden som tidigare har varit bristfälliga. Dessa områden rör bland annat fordonens vintertålighet, förbättring av trafikinformation, personalens mandat för att lösa olika situationer, ny och förbättrad restidsgaranti o.s.v. Vad det gäller SJ:s varumärke har mätningar tydligt visat på att det har påverkats negativt till följd av senaste årens händelser, men att nya mätningar nu visar att den negativa trenden för SJ har börjat vända och att det är en mätbar uppgång för deras varumärke. Förslag till fortsatt forskning: SJ:s åtgärdsprogram lanserades i april 2010 så möjligheten att följa upp hur detta program har fungerat har inte funnits. Det skulle vara intressant att se vad detta program har för inverkan till nästa års vintersäsong. Uppsatsens bidrag: Uppsatsen avser att bidra till att öka förståelsen för hur SJ:s krishantering fungerar i jämförelse till teorin. Hur SJ ställer sig till de senaste årens incidenter samt hur de arbetar för att bygga upp sitt varumärke och hur de ska få sina missnöjda kunder att välja SJ som transportmedel igen. Nyckelord: SJ, Krishantering, Kundens svar på missnöje, Varumärkesuppbyggnad, Varumärkeskris Abstract Title: Case study of SJ's crisis management and brand building Level: Final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Author: Madeleine Olsson and Serin Marangoz Supervisor: Jonas Kågström Date: May 2010 Aim: The purpose of this paper is to increase the understanding of how a crisis affects the company's brand and to analyse whether SJ's emergency management in practise matches the theory. SJ's crisis has resulted in an increased competition and that the company has lost many customers. Some customers now choose other train companies or other means of transportation. We want to know how SJ is planning to regain the customers and rebuild the trust. Method: We have chosen to use the qualitative method by collecting our empirical data through interviews. The qualitative approach suits us as we decided to conduct a case study. By this study, we want to get a deeper understanding of how SJ is working on its crisis management, brand crisis, and how they are working to build up SJ as a brand again after the problems that the company has encountered the past few years. One of the methods was to interview several people working at various departments at SJ's headquarters to obtain such a broad material as possible. We contacted SJ's communications director Elisabeth Lindgren, who gathered colleagues knowledgeable in these areas to discuss our issues together and then they compiled their answers for us to get as good and rich information as possible. Result & Conclusions: SJ 's crisis management is consistent with the theory according to how they will work to be well prepared for crises. Through customer surveys, they have now been able to launch a program which focuses on those areas that have previously been inconclusive. These areas involve areas such as the trains’ winter resistance, traffic information improvement, assignments to personnel who deal with different situations, new and improved travel time guarantee, etc. Regarding the SJ 's brand, measurements have clearly shown that there has been adversely affected as a result of recent events, but the new measurements now show that the negative trend of SJ has been reversed and that there is a measurable gain for their brand. Suggestions for future research: SJ's official “action plan” was launched in April 2010, so it has not yet been possible to evaluate the outcome. It would be interesting to see how this program will affect the next year's winter season. Contribution of the thesis: This paper intends to contribute to a better understanding of how SJ's crisis management in practise matches the theory. It also contains SJ's reaction to the recent incidents and how they work on rebuilding the brand and win back dissatisfied customers Key words: SJ, Crisis management, Customer response to dissatisfaction, Brand Building, Brand Crisi
On nonemptiness of Newton strata in the -Grassmannian for
No full textWe study the Newton stratification in the -Grassmannian for
associated to an arbitrary (possibly nonbasic) element of
. Our main result classifies all nonempty Newton strata in an
arbitrary minuscule Schubert cell. For a large class of elements in
, our classification is given by some explicit conditions in
terms of Newton polygons. For the proof, we proceed by induction on n using a
previous result of the author that classifies all extensions of two given
vector bundles on the Fargues-Fontaine curve.Comment: 21 pages, 8 figures, improved expositio
Findings of A Study on the Importance of Packaging of Cosmetic Products in Consumer Buying Behavior
No full textThis study researched how the different elements of the packaging of cosmetic products impacted the buying behavior of the consumers of such products. The author attempted to establish relationships among different variables related to the packaging of cosmetic products which impact buying behavior. Data was collected via questionnaires sent to a non-probabilistic convenience sample of size 130. We publish our findings on the impact of various packaging elements like color, material, etc. on consumer choices. Using various approaches to packaging, companies try and communicate different messages to consumers. The research was designed, and findings tested comprehensively so that the conclusions drawn herein are accurate
Dual regulation of cofilin by proteinkinase D dependent phosphorylation of the phosphatase SSH1L and LIM-kinase2
No full textDas Verständnis von Metastasierung bei Krebserkrankungen ist eine der größten Herausforderungen für die Entwicklung neuer Medikamente. Dies erfordert die Erforschung der Signalwege, die die Organisation des Aktinzytoskeletts sowie Tumorzellmigration und -invasion steuern. In dieser Arbeit konnte die Rolle von Proteinkinase D (PKD) in der Reorganisation des Aktinzytoskeletts und der Zellmigration entschlüsselt werden. Aus vorangegangenen Studien war bekannt, dass PKD die Zellmigration negativ reguliert - höchstwahrscheinlich durch die Kontrolle der Aktinpolymerisations-Maschinerie. Die Substrate von PKD in diesem Prozess waren bisher jedoch nicht bekannt. In dieser Arbeit konnte die Cofilinphosphatase Slingshot 1 Like (SSH1L) als Substrat von PKD identifiziert werden. Cofilin induziert die Aktinpolymerisation durch das Schneiden von F-Aktin Filamenten. Auf diesem Wege werden neue, freie sogenannte stumpfe Enden (“barbed ends”) generiert. Weiterhin steigert Cofilin die Aktindepolymerisation, wodurch der Pool an Aktin-Monomeren erhöht wird. Aus diesen Gründen kann Cofilin als Schlüssel-Regulator in der Zellmigration bezeichnet werden. Die Aktivität von Cofilin ist von seiner Phosphorylierung abhängig: Eine Phosphorylierung durch die LIM-Kinasen 1 und 2 hemmt die Fähigkeit von Cofilin an Aktin zu binden und führt damit zu dessen Inaktivierung. Entsprechend führt eine Dephosphorylierung des Proteins durch SSH- und Chronophinphosphatasen zur Aktivierung. PKD phosphoryliert die Serine 937 und 978 in SSH1L in vitro und in intakten Zellen und induziert dadurch die Bindung von 14-3-3 Proteinen, die die zelluläre Lokalisation von SSH1L regulieren. Auf diesem Weg wird die lokale Aktivität von Cofilin kontrolliert. Ein Verlust der PKD-Expression führt daher zu einer verringerten Phosphorylierung von Cofilin, einer ausgebreiteten Zellmorphologie und einer gesteigerten gerichteten Zellmigration in Abhängigkeit von SSH1L.
Darüber hinaus konnte für PKD eine Funktion bei der Regulation von LIMK2 gezeigt werden. PKD phosphoryliert LIMK2 in vitro und in intakten Zellen an Serin 289, was ebenfalls eine Bindung an 14-3-3 Proteinen zur Folge hat. Die Überexpression einer phosphorylierungsdefizienten LIMK2 S289A Variante führt im Vergleich zum wildtypischen Protein zu einem schwächeren Anstieg von phosphoryliertem Cofilin. In Migrationsstudien führte eine Überexpression von LIMK2 zu einer reduzierten Zellmigration während die Überexpression von LIMK2 S289A zu einer gesteigerten Zellmigration im Vergleich zu den Kontrollzellen führte. Diese Ergebnisse lassen auf eine aktivierende Wirkung der Phosphorylierung von LIMK2 an Serin 289 schließen. In dieser Arbeit wurde damit eine duale Funktion von PKD in der Cofilin-abhängigen Zellmigration aufgedeckt: PKD kontrolliert Cofilin-Aktivität über eine negative beziehungsweise positive Regulation von SSH1L und LIMK2.The understanding of metastasis is one of the main challenges in cancer therapy. Therefore the research on signal transduction pathways, which mediate remodelling of the actin cytoskeleton during cell migration and invasion, is needed. In this work it was possible to identify the role of protein kinase D (PKD) in actin remodelling and cell migration. It is evident from previous studies that PKD negatively regulates cell migration, most likely by regulation of the actin polymerization machinery. However, downstream targets still had to be discovered. During these studies, PKD could be identified as a direct upstream kinase of the cofilin phosphatase slingshot 1 like (SSH1L). Cofilin nucleates actin polymerization by severing actin filaments to generate free barbed ends and also increases the rate of actin depolymerization, thus maintaining a pool of actin monomers. It is therefore evident, that cofilin is a key regulator of actin dynamics. Cofilin activity depends on its phosphorylation state: phosphorylation by the LIM kinase (LIMK) family at serine 3 turns off the actin–binding activity of cofilin and thus leads to inactivation. Accordingly, dephosphorylation by the SSH as well as chronophin phosphatases results in reactivation of the actin binding activity of cofilin. PKD-mediated phosphorylation of serines 937 and 978 regulates SSH1L subcellular localization by binding of 14-3-3 proteins and thus impacts on the control of local cofilin activation and actin remodeling during cell migration. In line with this, the loss of PKD decreases cofilin phosphorylation, induces a more spread cell morphology and stimulates chemotactic migration of breast cancer cells in a SSHL1-dependent fashion. Furthermore, it could be demonstrated that the cofilin kinase LIMK2 is a novel PKD substrate in vitro and in vivo. PKD-mediated phosphorylation of serine 289 mediates binding of 14-3-3 proteins to LIMK2. Expression of a phosphorylation deficient LIMK2 S289A mutant increased cell migration and reduced the level of phosphorylated cofilin compared to the wild type LIMK2 protein. Thus, PKD-mediated phosphorylation of serine 289 most likely has a positive impact on LIMK2 activity. Finally, to further characterize the phosphorylation of serine 289 in LIMK2 a phospho-specific antibody was generated. Taken together, these results identify PKD as a central regulator of the cofilin signaling network and thus directed cell migration by negative and positive regulation of SSH1L and LIMK2, respectively
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