1,720,988 research outputs found
Premixed flames excited by helical disturbances: flame wrinkling and heat release oscillations
No full text
Flame sheet dynamics of bluff-body stabilized flames during longitudinal acoustic forcing
No full textBluff-body stabilized flames are susceptible to combustion instabilities due to interactions between acoustics, vortical disturbances, and the flame. In order to elucidate these flow-flame interactions during an instability, an experimental and computational investigation of the flame-sheet dynamics of a harmonically excited flame was performed. It is shown that the flame dynamics are controlled by three key processes: excitation of shear layer instabilities by the axially oscillating flow, anchoring of the flame at the bluff body, and the kinematic response of the flame to this forcing. The near-field flame features are controlled by flame anchoring and the far-field by kinematic restoration. In the near-field, the flame response grows with downstream distance due to flame anchoring, which prevents significant flame movement near the attachment point. Theory predicts that this results in linear flame response characteristics as a function of perturbation amplitude, and a monotonic growth in magnitude of the flame-sheet fluctuations near the stabilization point, consistent with the experimental data. Farther downstream, the flame response reaches a maximum and then decays due to the dissipation of the vortical disturbances and action of flame propagation normal to itself, which acts to smooth out the wrinkles generated by the harmonic flow forcing. This behavior is strongly non-linear, resulting in significant variation in far-field flame-sheet response with perturbation amplitude.<br/
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Partially Premixed and Premixed Aero Engine Combustors
No full textThis chapter reviewed partially premixed and premixed aero engine combustors. Apart from a description of the state of the art, it tried to explain how the design constraints of airborne combustors enforced the breed of premixing combustors that will soon enter service and why the NOx levels emitted from airplanes will continue
to be so different from those of industrial gas turbines. The efficiency required from aero engines of long-range aircraft forces exit temperatures that cannot be sustained
by pure convective cooling with the airworthy materials available today. The airflow for combustion thus being reduced by the necessary film cooling air results in combustion temperatures above the onset of thermal NOx production, which must be limited by a short residence time. As premixing results in poor stability, enforcing piloted combustion, the trade-off between NOx emission at full power and combustion efficiency at cruise defines combustor size and premixed combustion temperature. This strongly favors single annular combustors. Autoignition times of kerosene at high-power conditions preclude full premixing in premixing channels before the combustor that could be safe from flashback. Premixing is therefore completed in a combustor with lifted flames. Flexible internal piloting has to ensure stability and the appropriate flame lift-off. A multitude of operability requirements, including ignition, absence of combustion oscillations, and thermal management, has to be solved before airworthiness is reached. All of those have a potentially detrimental effect on NOx reduction. Together with the moving target of engine pressures and combustor exit temperatures, this explains why it took so long for the technology to mature enough to be introduced replacing optimized RQL combustion with a step change in NOx emission. Having made the transition into service, it can be
expected that further emission reductions will be possible with a further optimization using refined design tools and a penetration of lower thrust classes with premixing combustors can be expected
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
- …
