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Issue Preclusion -Balance of Dispute Resolution and Procedural Protection-
No full text 爭點效理論自學者從日本引進我國以來，實務雖不乏有承認判決理由中判斷所具拘束力者，就該拘束力之性質仍未有定論，亦少見有指明其法律或法理依據為何者。再者，關於爭點效之要件，實務雖多援用最高法院73年度台上字第4062號民事判決，卻少有從前訴訟實態具體分析當事人應否受前訴爭點效拘束，而多流於形式套用上開判決所設要件。又我國1999年、2000年及2003年修正後之民事訴訟法（下稱新法）就判決效力客觀、主觀範圍所生變革，對爭點效將生何影響，亦為前述引進爭點效理論之學者所未論及。為了釐清承認爭點效之必要性與正當性，爭點效之要件、效力與時、客觀及主觀範圍等，本文乃從我國新法所提示之擴大訴訟制度解決紛爭功能與程序保障之意旨出發，分析上開議題中，我國實務、學說與美國、日本學說之差異何在，並提出在我國新法下應如何處理，最能達成擴大訴訟制度解決紛爭功能與程序保障之平衡兼顧，以提供實務審理一定方向，期能助益於具體化個案適用標準。
本文共計五章。第一章為研究動機及問題提出。第二章介紹判決理由中判斷所具拘束力之相關理論，剖析爭點效理論與既判力擴張理論相關爭議及根據，並討論於我國現行法制下，基於判決實效性、效力強度、法條依據及實務現況等考量，應選擇或應有何不同於上述理論之判決理由中判斷所具拘束力。其中以一部訴求為例，說明既判力與爭點效之不同意涵與作用範疇。並指明在我國法下應承認判決理由中判斷在一定要件下具有爭點效，其承認之必要性在於滿足紛爭一次解決、訴訟經濟、保護當事人程序利益之要求；而在我國新法加重法官之闡明義務與完善化爭點整理程序等規定下，承認爭點效之正當性基礎則在於程序保障之充足及誠信原則之實踐。是本文所認爭點效之根據為：「基於當事人之程序權業受保障，可預見法院對於該爭點之判斷將產生拘束力而不致生突襲性裁判，應賦予該判斷一定之拘束力，以符誠信原則、訴訟經濟、程序利益保護原則及紛爭一次解決之要求」。
第三章分為二部分，第一部分為爭點效之要件。承認爭點效，不代表全盤沿襲美國、日本之理論即可，而須探討爭點效之要件與效力在我國新法加重法官之闡明義務與完善化爭點整理程序等制度下，將有何特異性或優於外國法之處。故擬透過整理、歸納、分析實務所設定之爭點效要件，而在各別要件下，經由與外國法之比較，說明在我國法下各該要件應有何內涵，並透過判決及事例檢討，力求細緻、具體化爭點效之要件解釋。接續則釐清「原確定判決之判斷非顯然違背法令」、「當事人未提出新訴訟資料」等不應做為爭點效之要件，因為正確性並非判決效力發生前提，亦不應因而空洞化爭點效之意涵，而弱化其所指向之紛爭一次解決、訴訟經濟機能；如在具體評價個別訴訟事件之審理過程中所賦予當事人之程序保障係屬充足，且法院判斷非屬突襲性判斷時，應承認爭點效具有遮斷效，而不容許當事人在後訴中再提出新訴訟資料，以撼動原確定判決對重要爭點之判斷。故本文所認爭點效之要件為：「法院於判決理由中，就訴訟標的以外當事人所主張或抗辯而經爭點整理程序列為足以影響判決結果之重要爭點，本於當事人完足舉證及辯論之結果，已為實質且非突襲性判斷者，應賦予該判斷一定之拘束力。然倘當事人間就該重要爭點提起之其他訴訟，前訴訟與本訴訟所得受之系爭利益（即標的金額或價額）或程序保障差異甚大、或兩造於前訴所受程序保障非屬相當等情形，應解為當事人及法院仍得就該經法院判斷之事項，為相反之主張或判斷。至於原確定判決之判斷是否顯然違背法令、當事人是否提出足以推翻原判斷之新訴訟資料等，均非所問。」。
第三章第二部分為爭點效之效力。考量爭點效之公益性質、效力強度未如既判力般強烈，且同時採用責問事項及職權探知主義，最能符合爭點效所欲達成之多樣性要求與目的而具有具體妥當性，日本學者所稱「爭點效為責問事項，但一經提出，即適用職權探知主義」之處理方式，在我國係屬可採。不過，縱使採取職權探知主義，並非意味著不須顧慮滿足程序權保障之要求，而須認知言詞辯論之功能，以保障當事人及利害關係人之程序主體權。最後，透過事例檢討以說明應區分責問事項與法院之闡明義務係屬不同層次，如「當事人可能有主張爭點效之意」之事證已顯現於訴訟上，縱使當事人未明確主張爭點效，法院仍應闡明、釐清當事人之真意為何。
第四章分為二部分，第一部分為爭點效之時及客觀範圍。首先承前開本文就遮斷效之論述以劃定爭點效時之範圍。客觀範圍中，先討論美國法以前、後訴舉證責任不同作為不生爭點效之例外情形，本質仍為爭點同一性之界定問題，並從美國與我國之制度差異，論定我國可從前訴訟中訴訟實態、法院之闡明程度、當事人預見可能性，評斷「將前訴爭點界定為何範圍內，最能達成紛爭一次解決功能、訴訟經濟、矛盾裁判防免之要求，且滿足程序保障之要求而不致生突襲」；而無須再訴諸美國法之抽象標準。接續討論爭點簡化協議對爭點效客觀範圍之影響，重點仍在前訴爭點之界定，如某主張、事實被排除於協議之外者，因其未成為本案爭點，自非爭點效所及；又如爭點簡化協議具有就同一紛爭事實一併認定某爭點之意涵，其發生爭點效之正當化根據，除了未為爭點簡化協議之情形所同具備之紛爭一次解決、程序保障外，當事人更係基於契約法理、私法自治及程序處分權所生自己責任而受拘束。
第四章第二部分為爭點效之主觀範圍。首先主張爭點效應適用民事訴訟法第401條規定，而及於當事人、繼受人及被擔當者，此不僅不悖於立法者意旨，毋寧正符合新法的立法意旨所指向之判決實效性與擴大訴訟制度解決紛爭功能之要求。關於訴訟繫屬中繼受系爭物之特定繼受人、共有物返還訴訟之他共有人如何受判決效力擴張，判決效力（既判力、爭點效、執行力）原則上均於判決確定時點（基準時後繼受則為繼受時點）擴張於第401條所定之第三人，至於爭點效是否遮斷第三人之固有抗辯、是否影響執行法院之判斷等，須視前訴之重要爭點為何，不可一概而論。接續討論我國是否應如美國法使爭點效一律有利擴張於第401條以外之第三人，本文考量以實體法關係強弱劃定訴訟效力之範圍不具正當性，又勝及、敗不及之片面擴張方式，無法說明未參與訴訟、提出攻防之第三人何以受有該有利爭點效之利益，並且有侵害受不利拘束之前訴當事人程序權之疑慮等理由，認為我國與美國法分別強調程序保障及訴訟經濟之思想本身即有差異，在無法克服程序保障不足之問題下，我國不應遽然採取同一見解。不如從我國現有之職權通知與第三人撤銷訴訟之配套措施下，兼顧第三人之程序保障，並尋求與擴大訴訟制度解決紛爭功能之平衡點。雖然在第三人未經訴訟告知或通知之情形，無法使判決效力及於該第三人 ，但這正是程序保障原則所劃定統一解決紛爭之界限。因此，不論勝、敗訴，本訴訟之判決效（包含既判力及爭點效）不僅及於本訴訟之當事人，亦及於該當事人兩造與參加人、受訴訟告知及職權通知者之相互間，藉以統一解決兩造當事人與參加人等多數人間紛爭、擴大訴訟制度解決紛爭功能，維持訴訟經濟及保護程序利益。
第五章為結論。本文嘗試由新法之規定，解釋爭點效理論在我國應有何發展、變化，力求在不侵害當事人程序權之範圍內，最大化爭點效所欲達成之擴大訴訟制度解決紛爭功能。不過，除此之外尚殘留有許多課題尚未解決，例如若承認判決理由中判斷具有既判力應賦予何種程度之程序保障、爭點效是否可能一概有利擴張及於第三人等，擬來日如有機會將繼續研究
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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