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A Study of Copyright Fair Use Concerning Re-Composed Works
No full text隨著科技的發達以及網路的興起，任何人皆可利用電腦以及網路尋找資訊，並加以創作，互相分享，將接收到的資料重新組成新的著作成為現代人生活的一部分，以這樣的創作手法所創作出來的組合性作品，本文稱之為「重組著作」，本文觀察重組著作的特色後對其下的定義為：「取用原作的元素並加以拼貼，把原作當作創作的基底或是將原作當作創作的材料(raw material)使用，並添加自己的創意，使作品產生新的意義。」具體來說，從早期挪用藝術(Appropriate)，一直到現代所流行的同人文化、KUSO文化，都具有這樣「重組」的特色，也因此創造出豐富而多元的作品。 重組著作因為是使用他人的作品做為創作的基底或材料，因此會與著作權人所能擁有獨占的權利相衝突，然而此衝突的背景是源自於著作權法對於著作人所得獨占的權利不斷擴張，增加著作財產權的權利範圍，對於著作保護年限的延長也造成著作進入公共領域的時間往後延，延後大眾能自由使用該著作的時間點，造成許多爭議。 另外除著作權法本身的問題外，由於重組著作呈現的樣態多元且涉及的問題又相當複雜，也增加處理上的難度，礙於篇幅及時間的關係，本文的架構是建立在我國著作權法第65條第2項的四個合理使用要件之上，以重組著作的使用目的進行判斷標準的調整以符合著作權法的立法目的為主要討論架構，取其特色的最大公約數，著重於合理使用四個要件的闡述與研究。 關於我國法院對於著作權法第65條第2項合理使用在實務上的運作方面，法院的判斷逐漸揚棄僅以商業性判斷為主要考量因素，但對於合理使用的四個要件判斷上仍不夠細緻，可能會造成重組著作在我國法院判決上的困難，為解決此一問題，使重組著作能在我國著作權法下有生存空間，並豐富文化以達到著作權法立法目的，因此本文在第一章先簡介本文目標以及研究方法，並於第二章就重組著作的具體樣態進行整理，呈現出重組著作的特性後，為重組著作下定義，並特定本文所欲討論的研究範圍。第三章則討論重組著作為何會與著作權法產生衝突的問題背景，並且分成就文化以及經濟層面進行說明。第四章則重在重組著作在我國著作權法的所產生的法律問題。第五章是自比較法觀點討論之。第六章則試圖自合理使用的層面以外找尋解決問題的方法。第七章為本文結論。 綜上所述，希望本文的研究能使著作權法第65條第2項合理使用的規定在實務判斷重組著作時能更加的符合著作權法的立法目的，以及藉由給予重組著作更大的生存空間以使我國文化更加的豐富且多元。With the advance of information and communications technology, it becomes much easier for people to access, reuse, and share contents by computers and the Internet, which leads to the emergence of Re-Composed Works, like appropriation art, fan art, and KUSO. The Re-Composed Works, by definition, are works with new meanings different from the original ones, whose elements are collaged and applied as the base or the raw material of the new works alone with their creators’ own creativeness. The creation of Re-Composed Works may conflict with the copyright owned by the creators of the original works due to the application of the pre-existed works as the base or the raw material of the new ones. The existence of this confliction is resulted from the expansion of copyright and the extension of the term of protection. Both delay the time the works enter the public domains to be freely used by the public, which causes many disputes. Besides the problems causing by Copyright Act per se, the diversity of Re-Composed Works also increases the difficulty of fair use judgments. Among the multiple facets of the problems, one of the important issues is that the practice of judgments based on the four elements of fair use stated in Copyright Act §65-II is still not strict enough, even though Taiwanese courts have been gradually disposing judgments depending solely on commercial use factors. In order to address the problem mentioned above, this study, focusing on the four elements of fair use stated in Copyright Act §65-II, endeavors to adjust the judgment criteria according to the legislative purposes of the law and the purposes of creation. The findings of this study could be applied to fair use cases so that the judgements could better meet the legislative purposes of Copyright Act, and enhance the multifariousness of the culture through the expansion of the scope of legal Re-Composed Works. In accordance with the research objectives, this thesis is organized as follows. Chapter 1 will state the purpose of research. Chapter 2 will introduce the three major types of Re-Composed Works, and arranged their subtypes by their expressions. Chapter 3 will discuss the background of the issue. Chapter 4 will focus on the problems of Re-Composed Works regarding to the Constitution and Copyright Law. Chapter 5 will compare the EU Copyright Direction, the Copyright Law of America, and the Copyright Law of R.O.C.. Chapter 6 will provide the conclusion
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Gallium Nitride Induces Neuronal Differentiation Markers in Neural Stem/ Precursor Cells Derived from Rat Cerebral Cortex
No full textIn the present study, gallium nitride (GaN) was used as a substrate to culture neural stem/precursor cells (NSPCs), isolated from embryonic rat cerebral cortex, to examine the effect of GaN on the behavior of NSPCs in the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in serum-free medium . Morphological studies showed that neurospheres maintained their initial shape and formed many long and thick processes with the fasciculate feature on GaN. Immunocytochemical characterization showed that GaN could induce the differentiation of NSPCs into neurons and astrocytes. Compared to poly-D-lysine (PDL), the most common substrate used for culturing neurons, there was considerable expression of synapsin I for differentiated neurons on GaN, suggesting GaN could induce the differentiation of NSPCs towards the mature differentiated neurons. Western blot analysis showed that the suppression of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK-3 beta) activity was one of the effects of GaN-promoted NSPC differentiation into neurons. Finally, compared to PDL, GaN could significantly improve cell survival to reduce cell death after long-term culture. These results suggest that GaN potentially has a combination of electric characteristics suitable for developing neuron and/ or NSPC chip systems
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Supplemental Material - Aberrant phenotypes of circulating γδ-T cells may be involved in the onset of systemic lupus erythematosus
No full textSupplemental Material for Aberrant phenotypes of circulating γδ-T cells may be involved in the onset of systemic lupus erythematosus by Shiwen Yuan, Cuicui Wang, Yanting Zeng, Jiawei Li, Weinian Li, Zhixiang He, Jinghua Ye, Fangfei Li, Yi Chen, Xiaojun Lin, Yan Xu, Na Yu and Xiaoyan Cai in Lupus</p
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