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The study of penalty and responsibility of architects for the building structural safety
No full text本研究從維護震災建築物結構安全的觀點來探討建築師之刑事責任，首先探討地震災害的種類與產生建築物破壞之型式、現行法令制度下建築師業務權責與震災建築物安全的關係。再以透過台中德昌新世界、彰化龍邦富貴名門、台北博士的家、台北東星大樓、台中大里王朝等5個建築案系列、21份刑事類判決書，檢討分析因921震災而受損之建築物的責任歸屬，以刑法的角度切入建築師權責之詳細探討。繼以研究建築師權責劃分現存問題與原因分析，內容包括震災建築物安全及建築師相關法規整理及分析、刑法中對於建築師行為責任之適法認定等。進而研擬典章制度面與業務執行面之課題與對策。
根據本研究顯示，法律界對於建築師所應負起之建築物設計及監造責任，超過建築法規字面上之規定，故被起訴之建築師竟然均判決有罪。建築師未到案（逃亡）者，檢察官才會對實際負責結構設計之人員提訴。而判決的刑期，隨著持續上訴，越判越輕，不符社會期待。承租技師執照者，應負刑責，而出租技師執照者卻不獲起訴。建築法所稱監工與監造，與刑法第193條所稱監工，在法律上見解不同。進而引發建築法第34條有關行政技術分立之探討。
本研究成果建立「 921震災法院判例」中有關「設計監造建築師對於建築物結構安全之刑事責任」關係表，並對於建築法系及刑法，提出釐清建築師執業責任之相關建議，期望使各建築行為人能各司其職，各盡其能。This research discusses of legal responsibility the architect from the maintenance earthquake disaster building structure security viewpoint, first discusses earthquake disaster the type with to have pattern of, the decrees in effect system under the building destruction the architect service power and responsibility and the earthquake disaster building security relations; And deliberates the overseas criminal law and the building control system, analyzes its characteristic.Again take penetrates in the practice the court decision as the case, the self-criticism analysis building of because of 921 earthquake disaster damage responsibility ownership, cuts into the architect power and responsibility by the criminal law angle the detailed discussion.The followed by studies the architect power and responsibility division extant question and the reason analysis, the content is connected in the laws and regulations reorganization including the earthquake disaster building security and the architect and the analysis, the criminal law conforms to the spirit of a law regarding the architect behavior responsibility recognizes and so on.Then draws up the decrees and regulations system surface, the service execution surface, the criminal law repairs topic of and the countermeasure the normal plane.
According to this research demonstration, the law circle should take the building design and the jail regarding the architect makes the responsibility, surpasses in the construction laws and regulations wording the stipulation, therefore is unexpectedly decided architect of by the prosecution guilty.The architect issuing a warrant for arrest, the public prosecutor can be responsible for the reality personnel of the structural design to raise sues.But decides the prison term, along with appeals continually, more sentences lightly, the symbol society did not anticipate.Rents the technician license, should the negative punishment responsibility, but hires the technician license not to attain the prosecution actually.The building ordinance called supervises work to make with the jail, calls the supervisor with the criminal law 193rd institute, the opinion is different in the law.Then discussion initiation building ordinance 34th related administration technology separation.
This research results establishment “921 earthquake disaster court legal precedent” related “the design jail makes the architect of legal responsibility regarding the building structure security” the relational table, and regarding the construction legal system and the criminal law, proposed correlation of suggestion the thousandth of a Yuan clear architect disciple of a master responsibility, expected causes to construct the author to be able respectively to perform its own functions, each its energy.口試委員會審定書 I
謝誌 II
中文摘要 III
ABSTRACT IV
目錄 V
表目錄 IX
圖目錄 X
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究緣起與動機 1
1.2 研究目的 2
1.3 研究範圍 2
1.4 研究方法 2
1.5 研究架構 2
第二章 921地震背景簡介 4
2.1 921地震的發生與災情 4
2.1.1 地震的發生 4
2.1.2 921地震災情簡介 6
2.2 921震災損壞建築物之類型 6
2.3 921震災損壞建築物之破壞型態 7
2.3.1 規劃設計因素 7
2.3.2 結構系統因素 8
2.3.3 地質因素 8
2.3.4 工程材料及施工品質因素 8
2.3.5 建築物使用不當因素 8
2.4 我國耐震設計規定與規範 8
2.4.1 耐震設計規則 9
2.4.2 耐震設計規範 11
2.5 章末小結 12
第3章 建築物結構安全在我國刑法與建築管理之制度 13
3.1 我國刑法對於建築行為相關規定 13
3.1.1 公共危險罪之違背建築術成規罪 13
3.1.2 偽造文書印文罪之業務登載不實文書罪 15
3.1.3 殺人罪之業務過失致人於死罪 17
3.1.4 刑法與建築法系之關係 19
3.1.5 刑法制度小結 20
3.2 我國建築管理概述 20
3.2.1 建築管理之目的與內容 21
3.2.2 建築法修正與建築管理之趨勢 21
3.2.3 建築行為關係人 24
3.2.4 建築師的業務範圍與責任 26
3.3 章末小結 33
第4章 建築物結構安全在國外刑法與建築管理之制度 34
4.1 日本之刑法與建築管理之制度 34
4.1.1 建築師刑事責任 34
4.1.2 建築管理制度 34
4.1.3 建築管理制度下建築師責任 36
4.1.4 「耐震偽裝事件」之震撼 36
4.2 中華人民共和國之刑法與建築管理之制度 37
4.2.1 建築師刑事責任 38
4.2.2 建築管理制度 38
4.2.3 建築管理制度下建築師責任 41
4.3 美國之刑法與建築管理之制度 41
4.3.1 建築師刑事責任 41
4.3.2 建築管理制度 42
4.3.3 建築管理制度下建築師責任 43
4.4 德國之刑法與建築管理之制度 43
4.4.1 建築師刑事責任 43
4.4.2 建築管理制度 44
4.4.3 建築管理制度下建築師責任 45
4.5 章末小節 46
第5章 921震災之法院判決案例介紹與分析 47
5.1 前言 47
5.2 台中德昌新世界 47
5.2.1 案例判決關係表 47
5.2.2 案例判決分析 48
5.2.3 案例小結 50
5.3 彰化龍邦富貴名門 51
5.3.1 案例判決關係表 51
5.3.2 案例判決分析 53
5.3.3 案例小結 55
5.4 台北博士的家 57
5.4.1 案例判決關係表 57
5.4.2 案例判決分析 58
5.4.3 案例小結 61
5.5 台北東星大樓 64
5.5.1 案例判決關係表 64
5.5.2 案例判決分析 64
5.5.3 案例小結 66
5.6 台中大里王朝 68
5.6.1 案例判決關係表 68
5.6.2 案例判決分析 69
5.6.3 案例小結 71
5.7 章末小結 72
第6章 建築師的責任因刑法與建築法系磨合而衍生之課題 73
6.1 設計監造建築師與刑法第193條行為人的關係 73
6.2 依刑法第193條起訴建築師之因果關係問題 73
6.2.1 建築界對於該因果關係的見解 73
6.2.2 法律界對於該因果關係的見解 74
6.3 建築師的消極不作為之因果關係 75
6.3.1 消極行為與因果關係理論 75
6.3.2 他案實例見解 76
6.3.3 本研究實例見解 76
6.4 承租牌照者與出借牌照者之刑責 77
6.4.1 承租（借）牌照者 77
6.4.2 出租（借）牌照者 77
6.5 刑法規範建築行為法條之欠缺 78
6.6 國家管制任務的義務 78
6.6.1 國家管制任務學說的演進 78
6.6.2 我國「國家管制」的任務理念 78
6.6.3 我國「建築管制」的任務課題 79
6.7 建築許可之「行政技術分立」制度的探討 80
6.7.1 立法歷程 80
6.7.2 立法歷程分析 82
6.7.3 「行政技術分立」制度執行的爭議 82
6.8 「行政技術分立」制度之配套措施—預審與外審 83
6.8.1 預審機制 83
6.8.2 外審機制 83
6.9 建築師簽證制度檢討 84
6.10 建築師強制專業責任保險制度檢討 85
6.11 建築法施工管理之「勘驗與監造」制度的探討 85
6.11.1 勘驗制度的實施 85
6.11.2 施行的檢討 86
6.12 建築技術規則之耐震設計檢討 87
6.12.1 新規範與比較 87
6.12.2 舊規則的檢討 87
6.13 章末小結 88
第7章 研究結論與建議 90
7.1 研究結論 90
7.2 研究建議 91
7.2.1 刑法制度面部分 92
7.2.2 刑法執行面部份 93
7.2.3 建築法系制度面部分 93
7.2.4 建築法系執行面部份 95
參攷文獻 9
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