674,862 research outputs found
SPECIFIC RECOGNITION OF N-ACETYLNEURAMINIC ACID IN THE G(M2) EPITOPE BY HUMAN G(M2) ACTIVATOR PROTEIN
G(M2) Activator is a low molecular weight protein cofactor that stimulates the enzymatic conversion of G(M2) into G(M3) by human beta-hexosaminidase A and also the conversion of G(M2) into G(A2) by clostridial sialidase (Wu, Y.-Y., Lockyer, J. M., Sugiyama, E., Pavlova, N. V., Li, Y.-T., and Li, S.- C. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 16276-16283). Among the five known activator proteins for the enzymatic hydrolysis of glycosphingolipids, only G(M2) activator is effective in stimulating the hydrolysis of G(M2). However, the mechanism of action of G(M2) activator is still not well understood, Using a unique disialosylganglioside, GalNAc-G(D1a), as the substrate, we were able to show that in the presence of G(M2) activator, GalNAc-G(D1a) was specifically converted into GalNAc-G(M1a) by clostridial sialidase, while in the presence of saposin B, a nonspecific activator protein, GalNAc-G(D1a) was converted into both GalNAc-G(M1a) and GalNAc-G(M1b). individual products generated from GalNAc-G(D1a) by clostridial sialidase were identified by thin layer chromatography, negative secondary ion mass spectrometry, and immunostaining with a monoclonal IgM that recognizes the G(M2) epitope. Our results clearly show that G(M2) activator recognizes the G(M2) epitope in GalNAc-G(D1a). Thus, G(M2) activator may interact with the trisaccharide structure of the G(M2) epitope and render the GalNAc and NeuAc residues accessible to beta-hexosaminidase A and sialidase, respectively
Pleurospermum tripartitum sp nov (Umbelliferae) from western Yunnan, China
Pleurospermum tripartitum Pu, R. Li & H. Li, a new species of Umbelliferae from western Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated. It is closely similar to P. macrochlaenum K. T. Fu & Y. C. Ho, but differs by having unbranched stem, conspicuous calyx teeth, and white petals
1993-1994 T. R. Pearson
T. R. Pearson, a.k.a. Rick Gavin, was born in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. He was a student at North Carolina State University, where he gained a B.A. and M.A. in English. He was the first recipient of the John and Renée Grisham Writer in Residence Fellowship. He is the acclaimed author of fourteen novels, including A Short History of a Small Place and Warwolf, and a dozen screenplays. Top of the Rock is his fifth nonfiction book. He lives in Virginia and Brooklyn, New York. (Photo credit: Marian Young)https://egrove.olemiss.edu/grisham_res/1026/thumbnail.jp
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a
ga
i
s
ua
t
u
pr
o
gr
a
m
pr
o
m
o
s
i
ke
s
e
ha
t
a
n
da
n
upa
ya
pr
e
v
e
n
t
i
f
u
n
t
uk
m
e
ni
ngka
t
ka
n
ke
m
a
m
pua
n
pe
r
a
wa
t
a
n
ka
k
i
k
l
i
e
n
DM
t
i
p
e
2
"Closing the R&D Gap, Evaluating the Sources of R&D Spending"
Both spending and tax policies have been implemented in the United States with the goal of stimulating private sector research and development (R&D). Karier questions whether current R&D policy, especially the research and experimentation tax credit, can contribute to closing the gap between nondefense expenditures on R&D in the United States and such expenditures in other countries, such as Japan and Germany. He also explores possible changes to our current R&D policy to make it more effective.
P E RSE P S I NE L AY AN P UGE R T E RHA DA P KE B E RA DA AN T P I P UGE R DI DE S A P UGE R KUL ON KE CA M AT AN P UGE R
Ne
l
a
y
a
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ng
m
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P
uge
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b
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r
da
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a
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t
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gka
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(
pe
r
a
h
u)
y
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g
d
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n
a
ka
n
,
y
a
i
t
u
Ne
l
a
y
a
n
J
uku
n
g,
Ne
l
a
y
a
n
E
de
r
,
Ne
l
a
y
a
n
P
e
ka
s
a
n
da
n
Ne
l
a
y
a
n
Ka
pa
l
(
s
ko
c
i
)
.
De
nga
n
r
a
m
a
i
n
y
a
pe
n
a
n
gka
pa
n
i
ka
n
d
i
w
i
l
a
y
a
h
P
uge
r
,
pe
m
e
r
i
n
t
a
h
m
e
n
d
i
r
i
ka
n
T
P
I
P
uge
r
gun
a
m
e
m
ba
n
t
u
pe
m
a
s
a
r
a
n
i
ka
n
n
e
l
a
y
a
n
P
uge
r
.
K
e
b
e
r
a
da
a
n
T
P
I
s
e
b
e
n
a
r
ny
a
d
i
ha
r
a
pka
n
bi
s
a
m
e
m
ba
n
t
u
ne
l
a
y
a
n
da
l
a
m
b
a
ny
a
k
ha
l
,
y
a
i
t
u
s
e
l
a
i
n
m
e
m
ba
n
t
u
m
e
m
a
s
a
r
ka
n
h
a
s
il
j
uga
m
e
m
ba
n
t
u
da
l
a
m
pe
ny
e
d
i
a
a
n
m
o
da
l
.
Ka
r
e
na
T
P
I
t
i
da
k
bi
s
a
m
e
la
y
a
ni
k
e
b
ut
uh
a
n
,
m
a
ka
ba
ny
a
k
n
e
l
a
y
a
n
y
a
n
g
m
e
n
c
a
r
i
p
i
n
j
a
m
a
n
pa
da
pe
mi
li
k
m
o
da
l
u
n
t
uk
m
e
m
e
n
u
hi
k
e
b
ut
uh
a
n
o
pe
r
a
s
i
o
na
l
.
D
i
s
f
u
n
gs
i
T
P
I
P
uge
r
i
ni
y
a
n
g
m
e
ny
e
b
a
b
ka
n
a
d
a
ny
a
pe
r
s
e
p
s
i
ne
ga
t
i
ve
t
e
r
h
a
da
p
ke
b
e
r
a
da
a
n
T
P
I
P
uge
r
i
t
u
s
e
n
d
i
r
i
.
P
e
n
e
li
t
i
i
ng
i
n
m
e
m
bukt
i
ka
n
ke
b
e
na
r
a
n
duga
a
n
t
e
r
s
e
b
ut
di
K
a
b
upa
t
e
n
J
e
m
be
r
de
n
ga
n
c
a
r
a
m
e
n
g
e
t
a
h
u
i
:
(
1)
B
a
ga
i
m
a
na
p
e
r
s
e
ps
i
n
e
l
a
y
a
n
d
e
s
a
P
uge
r
K
u
l
o
n
t
e
r
h
a
da
p
ke
b
e
r
a
da
a
n
T
P
I
P
uge
r
;
(
2)
B
a
g
a
i
m
a
na
e
ks
i
s
t
e
ns
i
T
P
I
P
u
ge
r
t
e
r
h
a
da
p
n
e
l
a
y
a
n
de
s
a
P
uge
r
K
u
l
o
n
K
e
c
a
m
a
t
a
n
P
uge
r
da
n
;
(
3)
B
a
g
a
i
m
a
na
s
t
r
a
t
e
gi
pe
n
ge
l
o
l
a
a
n
da
n
pe
n
ge
m
ba
n
ga
n
y
a
n
g
t
e
pa
t
un
t
uk
T
P
I
P
uge
r
.
Da
e
r
a
h
pe
n
e
li
t
i
a
n
d
i
t
e
n
t
uka
n
b
e
r
da
s
a
r
ka
n
pa
da
m
e
t
o
de
y
a
n
g
d
i
s
e
n
ga
j
a
(
P
ur
pos
ive
M
e
thod)
.
Da
e
r
a
h
pe
n
e
li
t
i
a
n
y
a
n
g
d
i
p
il
i
h
a
da
l
a
h
K
e
c
a
m
a
t
a
n
P
uge
r
K
a
b
upa
t
e
n
J
e
m
be
r
de
n
ga
n
p
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t
i
m
ba
n
g
a
n
b
a
h
wa
Ke
c
a
m
a
t
a
n
P
uge
r
m
e
r
upa
ka
n
s
a
t
u
s
a
t
uny
a
da
e
r
a
h
pe
na
n
gka
pa
n
i
ka
n
d
i
K
a
b
up
a
t
e
n
J
e
m
b
e
r
y
a
n
g
m
e
m
pu
ny
a
i
l
e
m
ba
ga
T
e
m
pa
t
P
e
l
e
l
a
n
ga
n
I
ka
n
T
P
I
.
M
e
to
de
pe
n
e
l
i
t
i
a
n
y
a
n
g
d
i
gu
n
a
ka
n
da
l
a
m
pe
n
e
li
t
i
a
n
i
n
i
a
d
a
l
a
h
m
e
t
o
de
de
s
kr
i
pt
i
f
da
n
a
n
a
li
t
i
s
.
Ha
s
il
y
a
n
g
d
i
pe
r
o
l
e
h
da
r
i
pe
n
e
li
t
i
a
n
a
da
l
a
h
s
e
b
a
ga
i
b
e
r
i
kut
:
(
1)
P
e
r
s
e
ps
i
Ne
l
a
y
a
n
De
s
a
P
uge
r
Ku
l
o
n
t
e
r
h
a
da
p
k
e
b
e
r
a
da
a
n
T
P
I
P
uge
r
c
e
n
de
r
u
n
g
n
e
g
a
t
i
f
d
a
n
d
i
pe
n
ga
r
u
hi
o
l
e
h
f
a
c
t
o
r
us
i
a
,
pe
n
ga
l
a
m
a
n
,
i
ka
t
a
n
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o
c
i
a
l
da
n
s
t
a
t
us
s
o
s
i
a
l
n
e
l
a
y
a
n
;
(
2)
da
r
i
ke
4
f
a
kt
o
r
pa
da
pa
r
a
di
g
m
a
A
GI
L
,
T
P
I
P
uge
r
h
a
ny
a
m
a
m
pu
m
e
m
e
n
u
h
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t
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f
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n
gs
i
y
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i
t
u
A
da
pt
a
s
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n
a
m
u
n
3
l
a
i
nn
y
a
(
G
o
a
l
A
t
t
a
i
nm
e
n
t
,
I
n
t
e
gr
a
t
i
o
n
,
da
n
L
a
t
e
n
c
y
)
m
a
s
i
h
be
l
u
m
t
e
r
c
a
pa
i
da
n
;
(
3)
h
a
s
i
l
a
n
a
li
s
i
s
S
W
OT
t
e
n
t
a
n
g
pr
o
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pe
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da
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t
r
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t
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g
i
p
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ge
m
ba
n
ga
n
T
P
I
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uge
r
d
i
d
a
pa
t
h
a
s
i
l
b
a
h
wa
T
P
I
P
uge
r
b
e
r
a
da
d
a
l
a
m
B
lack
A
r
e
a
(
l
e
m
a
h
t
e
r
a
n
c
a
m
)
d
i
m
a
na
pa
da
da
e
r
a
h
i
n
i
s
t
r
a
t
e
gi
y
a
n
g
bi
s
a
d
i
l
a
kuka
n
a
da
l
a
h
L
i
ku
i
da
s
i
a
t
a
u
me
r
ge
r
de
n
ga
n
l
e
m
ba
ga
pe
mas
a
r
a
n
l
a
i
n
Yizhou Li shi cong ke : [7 zhong] /
Each work has special t. p., the last without imprint.Title from folded edge of v. 4.On double leaves, oriental style, in case.[1] Chong jiao wu yi you yi zhai du hua shi 2 juan ; Haiwang cun suo jian shu hua lu can gao -- [2] Jin bu lian yin ji / Wu Chongxi, Li Baoxun zhu -- [3] Hong ying shan guan yi chao -- [4] Jiu xue an bi ji -- [5] San yong cui mo yi ti ba 4 juan.Mode of access: Internet
P R OD U KSI A SA M LA KTA T D A N BIOETA N OL D A R I LI M BA H C A I R M OC A F (M O D I FI ED CAS SAV A FL O U R) SER TA A N A LI SI S KE LA Y A KA N U SA HA NYA BER D A SA R KA N N I LA I B/ C (BEN EF I T CO ST RAT I O ) D A N B EP (BREAK EV EN T P O I N T )
Ka
ndun
g
a
n
nutrisi
p
a
da
li
mbah
c
a
i
r
MO
C
AF
sa
n
ga
t
se
suai
u
ntuk
dim
a
nf
a
a
tkan
se
b
a
g
a
i
ba
ha
n
ba
ku
pr
odu
ksi
a
sa
m
lakta
t
da
n
bioeta
nol,
s
e
hingg
a
p
e
rlu
dil
a
kuka
n
a
na
li
sis
ke
la
y
a
ka
n
usaha
men
ge
na
i
re
nde
men
y
a
n
g
dihasil
ka
n.
S
a
lah
sa
tu
a
na
li
sis
ke
la
y
a
k
a
n
us
a
h
a
y
a
n
g
da
p
a
t
di
g
una
ka
n
y
a
it
u
a
n
a
li
sis
B
/C
(
B
e
ne
fi
t
C
ost
Ratio
)
da
n
B
EP
(
Bre
ak
Ev
e
nt
Point
).
P
e
ne
li
ti
a
n
ini
be
rtujua
n
m
e
ng
e
ta
hui
potensi
li
mbah
c
a
ir
MOCAF
se
ba
g
a
i
ba
ha
n
ba
ku
pr
o
duksi
a
sa
m
lakta
t
da
n
bioeta
nol
be
rda
sa
rka
n
re
nd
e
men
da
sa
r
y
a
n
g
dihasil
ka
n
da
n
m
e
ng
a
na
li
sis
ke
la
y
a
ka
n
usaha
pr
oduksi
a
sa
m
lakta
t
da
n
bioeta
nol
da
ri
li
mbah
c
a
ir
MOCAF
be
rd
a
sa
r
k
a
n
nil
a
i
B
/
C
da
n B
EP.
P
e
ne
li
ti
a
n
dil
a
kuka
n
mengg
un
a
ka
n
ra
n
c
a
n
g
a
n
p
e
ne
li
ti
a
n
du
a
f
a
k
tor
be
rda
sa
rka
n
lama
fe
rme
ntasi
da
n
va
ria
si
pe
na
mbaha
n
y
e
a
st
e
kstra
k
y
a
n
g
masin
g
masing
p
e
rla
ku
a
n
diul
a
n
g
s
e
ba
n
y
a
k
dua
ka
li
.
P
a
r
a
mete
r
y
a
n
g
diam
a
ti
a
da
lah
jum
lah
ha
sil
re
nde
men
pr
odu
k,
nil
a
i
B
/C
da
n
nil
a
i
B
EP
pr
oduk.
Ha
sil
pe
ne
li
ti
a
n
menun
jukkan
ba
hwa
li
mbah
c
a
ir
MOCA
F
lebih
be
rpote
nsi
dig
un
a
ka
n
se
ba
ga
i
ba
ha
n
ba
ku
pr
oduksi
a
sa
m
lakta
t
da
ripa
da
bioeta
nol.
P
e
na
mbaha
n
y
e
a
st
e
ks
tra
k
da
pa
t
mening
ka
tk
a
n
pr
oduksi
a
sa
m
lakta
t
teta
pi
ti
da
k
mening
ka
tkan
pr
oduksi
bioeta
nol
.
Nilai
B
/C
da
n
B
EP
leb
ih
ba
i
k
ji
ka
pr
oduksi
d
il
a
kuka
n
tanpa
p
e
na
mb
a
ha
n
y
e
a
st
e
kstra
k,
ba
ik
unt
uk
pr
odu
ksi
asa
m
l
a
ktat
maupun b
ioeta
nol.
P
roduk
si
a
sa
m
lakta
t
de
ng
a
n
p
e
na
mbah
a
n
y
e
a
st
e
kstra
k
men
g
ha
s
il
ka
n
25
,92
%
,
se
menta
r
a
a
sa
m
lak
tat
tanpa
y
e
a
st
e
kstr
a
k
meng
h
a
sil
ka
n
23,04
%
.
P
roduk
si
bioeta
nol
de
nga
n
pe
na
mbaha
n
y
e
a
st
e
kstr
a
k
meng
h
a
sil
ka
n
8,4
%
,
da
n
pr
oduksi
bioeta
nol
tanpa
pe
na
mba
ha
n
y
e
a
st
e
kstra
k
men
g
h
a
sil
ka
n
8,5
%
.
P
roduk
si
a
sa
m
lakta
t
de
nga
n
va
ria
si
pe
n
a
mba
ha
n
y
e
a
st
e
kstra
k
m
e
n
gha
sil
ka
n
nil
a
i
B
/C
7,8,
se
da
n
g
ka
n
pa
da
v
a
ria
si
t
a
npa
p
e
na
mbaha
n
y
e
a
st
e
kstr
a
k
m
e
ng
h
a
sil
ka
n
nil
a
i
B
/C
32
,7.
P
roduk
si
bioeta
nol
de
n
g
a
n
pe
n
a
mbaha
n
y
e
a
st
e
kstra
k
men
g
ha
sil
ka
n
nil
a
i
B
/C
0,4
,
se
da
n
g
ka
n
tanpa
pe
n
a
mbaha
n
y
e
a
st
e
kstra
k
me
n
g
ha
sil
ka
n
n
il
a
i
B
/C
0,1.
P
roduk
si
a
sa
m
lakta
t
de
nga
n
va
ria
si
pe
n
a
mba
ha
n
y
e
a
st
e
kstra
k
men
g
h
a
sil
ka
n
nil
a
i
B
EP
(lite
r)
598,06
da
n
B
EP
(r
p)
119.613.486
,
se
da
n
g
ka
n
pa
d
a
va
ri
a
si
tanpa
pe
na
mbah
a
n
y
e
a
st
e
kstra
k
meng
h
a
sil
ka
n
nil
a
i
B
EP
(liter
)
582,49
da
n
B
EP
(r
p)
116.499.799
.
P
roduk
si
bioeta
nol
de
nga
n
pe
n
a
mbaha
n
y
e
a
st
e
kstra
k
men
g
ha
sil
k
a
n
nil
a
i
B
EP
(liter
)
3024,54
da
n
B
EP
(r
p)
118.449.448
,
se
d
a
n
g
ka
n
t
a
npa
pe
n
a
mbaha
n
y
e
a
st
e
kstra
k
men
g
h
a
s
il
ka
n
nil
a
i
B
EP (li
ter
)
2870,25
da
n
B
EP (r
p)
117.215.67
Letter from J. R. Eakin to Carl Hayden
Letter from J. R. Eakin to Carl T. Hayden concerning access to Rowe Well and the canyon
Letter from J. R. Eakin to Stephen Mather
Letter from J. R. Eakin to Stephen T. Mather about expenses and reconstruction of the Kaibab Trail
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