750 research outputs found
Jääkiekkoilijoiden ensiapukoulutus
No full textTIIVISTELMÄ
Oulun seudun ammattikorkeakoulu
Hoitotyö, Sairaanhoitaja
Tekijä: Anne Helin
Opinnäytetyön nimi: Jääkiekkoilijoiden ensiapukoulutus
Työn ohjaajat: Satu Hakala & Seija Mattila
Työn valmistumislukukausi ja -vuosi: Syksy 2011
Sivumäärä: 34 sivua ja 1 liite
Järjestin opinnäytetyönäni ensiapukoulutuksen Oulun Kärpät 46 ry:n naisten jääkiekko-joukkueelle. Heidän ensiaputaitojen lähtötasonsa oli erittäin huono suhteessa joukkueen pelaajille sattuneiden loukkaantumisten määrään. Jääkiekko on erittäin vauhdikas ja fyysinen laji eikä vammoilta voida kokonaan suojautua. Tämän vuoksi loukkaantumisia sattuu melko paljon, mutta oikealla ensiavulla vammojen parantumista voidaan nopeut-taa merkittävästi.
Järjestin ensiapukoulutuksen, jonka tavoitteena että koulutukseen osallistuvat ihmiset oppivat elottoman ja tajuttoman potilaan sekä ruhjevammojen ja viiltohaavan esiavun. Keskipitkän ajan toiminnallisena tavoitteenani oli saada ihmiset käyttämään oppimiaan taitoja hyväkseen sekä ymmärtämään ensiaputaitojen harjoittelun merkityksen. Pitkän ajan tavoitteenani oli, että koulutukseen osallistuneet henkilöt pystyvät omalla toimin-nallaan auttamaan vammautunutta ihmistä ja lyhentämään tämän sairausaikaa.
Jääkiekon harrastemäärät ovat jatkuvasti kasvaneet, joka näkyy myös lisääntyneinä vammoina. Yleisimpiä vammatyyppejä ovat isku- ja tärähdysvammat, nivelsidevenäh-dykset sekä lihasvammat. Pitämäni koulutus pohjautui jääkiekossa yleisimmin sattuvien vammojen luonteeseen sekä perusensiaputaitojen hallintaan. Koulutuksen sisältöä val-mistellessani käytin lähteenäni ensiapukirjallisuutta ja joukkueen pelaajien kokemuksia sattuneista vammoista.
Toivon, että koulutukseeni osallistuneet pelaajat siirtäisivät oppimiaan taitoja myös niil-le pelaajille, jotka eivät päässeet paikalle. Jatkossa olisi hienoa, jos pelaajat innostuisi-vat kehittämään omia taitojaan myös tulevaisuudessa. Työni oli suunnattu naisten jouk-kueelle, mutta toivon sen innostavan myös muita Kärppä- joukkueita miettimään omia ensiapuvalmiuksiaan.
Asiasanat: Ensiapu, koulutus, projektityö, jääkiekon tyyppivammatABSTRACT
Oulu University of Applied Sciences
Degree programme on Nursing and Health Care, Option in Nursing
Author: Anne Helin
Title of Bachelor’s thesis: First aid training for women’s ice hockey team Oulun Kärpät
Supervisors: Satu Hakala and Seija Mattila
Term and year of completion: Autumn 2011
Number of pages: 34 pages and 1 appendix
The purpose of my thesis was to improve ice hockey players’ first aid skills. The select-ed target group was women’s hockey team from Oulun Kärpät 46. This thesis was im-plemented by organizing a first aid class for the team. Initially players had very weak first aid skills in relation to amount of injuries occurred. Ice hockey is very fast and physical game and injuries do occur despite the precautions. Proper first aid can en-hance healing process significantly.
My objective was to organize first aid class for women’s ice hockey team Oulun Kärpät and improve first aid skills of the players. My functional objective was that after the first aid class participants would be able to give proper first aid when needed and thus speed up the healing process of injured person. My long term functional objective was to get the players to take advantage of their acquired skills and understand the meaning of rehearsing first aid skills.
The numbers of licensed ice hockey players are continuously growing simultaneously with amount of reported injuries. The most common injuries are hit and cushion inju-ries, torned ligaments and muscle injuries. The given first aid class focused on the treatment of most often occurring injuries in ice hockey. While preparing the class I used scientific literature and players’ experiences of injuries as a source.
I hope that participating players would transfer their acquired skills to also those players who were absent. In the future it would be great if players would develop their first aid skills in also other first aid courses. My thesis was directed to women’s team but I hope that this project will raise interest in other teams in Kärpät organization.
Keywords: First aid, training, project work, injuries in ice hocke
Fabrication of thickness controllable free-standing sandwich-structured hybrid carbon film for high-rate and high-power supercapacitor
No full textPhalonidia rotundiventralis Sun & Li, 2013, sp. nov.
No full textPhalonidia rotundiventralis, sp. nov. (Figs. 15, 31) Type material. Holotype 3, CHINA: Wolong Nature Reserves, Wenchuan County (31 ° 29 ʹN, 103 ° 36 ʹE), Sichuan Province, 2008 m, 26.vii. 2005, leg. Haili Yu, genitalia slide No. ZX06176. Description. Adult (Fig. 15). Wingspan 11.0 mm. Head: Vertex and frons pale yellowish brown. Antenna brown, with sparse brownish black scales. Labial palpus slender, about 1.5 times diameter of compound eye, yellow with sparse brown scales on outer surface, yellowish white on inner surface. Thorax: Pale brownish black; tegula brownish black, yellowish white distally. Forewing with costal margin nearly straight, apex protruded, termen oblique. Ground color pale yellowish white, except basal 1 / 5 ochreous yellow; costal margin with small brownish black spots, with a narrow brownish black stripe from base to inner margin of median fascia; median fascia brownish black with sparse ochreous yellow scales, extending obliquely from between basal 1 / 3 and 1 / 2 of costal margin to between basal 1 / 3 and 1 / 2 of dorsum, its inner margin slightly arched inward; subapical fascia grayish brown, inverted triangular, extending from distal 1 / 4 of costal margin to above tornus; a round patch above tornus, adjacent to inner margin of subapical fascia, pale yellow with sparse gray scales; pretornal spot at distal 2 / 5 of dorsum, yellow, triangular, anteriorly almost reaching outer margin of median fascia at middle; a small brownish black spot on dorsum beside outer margin of pretornal spot; dorsum with sparse brownish black scales; cilia grayish black with sparse pale yellowish white scales. Hindwing and cilia pale gray. Fore- and midlegs brownish black, with sparse yellowish white scales, tarsal segments with yellowish white rings; hindleg yellowish white, tarsal segments with sparse brownish black scales. Abdomen: Grayish brown. Male genitalia (Fig. 31) with socii erect, fused in basal 3 / 5, separate in distal 2 / 5. Valva with basal 1 / 3 broad, distal 2 / 3 about 1 / 3 width of basal 1 / 3, parallel sided, apex rounded; costa reaching apex; transtilla gradually narrowed from base to middle, median process about 1 / 3 length of transtilla. Sacculus heavily sclerotized, almost same length as costa, length about three times width, ventral margin roundly protruding. Juxta nearly semicircular, bluntly rounded on anterior margin, straight on posterior margin. Phallus stout, about 1.5 times length of valva; cornutus slender, about 1 / 3 length of phallus, slightly dilated basally. Female unknown. Diagnosis. This species is very similar to P. latifasciana in both facies and male genitalia, but P. rotundiventralis can be distinguished by the socii fused basally and separate distally, and the sacculus with the ventral margin roundly protruding in the male genitalia. In P. latifasciana, the socii are separate throughout, and the ventral margin of the sacculus is straight. Distribution. China (Sichuan). Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin rotundus (round), and ventralis (ventral), referring to the ventral margin of sacculus roundly protruding. Phalonidia scabra Liu & Ge, 1991 (Figs. 16, 32, 44) Phalonidia scabra Liu & Ge, 1991: 355. TL: China (Jiangxi, Mt. Lu). Material examined. CHINA: Shanxi Province: 1 Ƥ, Mt. Li, Jincheng (35 ° 25 ʹN, 111 ° 58 ʹE), 1520 m, 16.viii. 2006, leg. Xu Zhang and Haiyan Bai. Liaoning Province: 3 3, 2 Ƥ, Laotudingzi, Huanren Man Autonomous County (41 ° 15 ʹN, 125 ° 21 ʹE), 7−9.viii. 2009, leg. Weichun Li and Jiayu Liu. Heilongjiang Province: 1 Ƥ, Sanzhan, Heihe City (50 ° 14 ʹN, 127 ° 29 ʹE), 400 m, 27.vii. 1997, leg. Houhun Li. Zhejiang Province: 1 Ƥ, Xianrending, Mt. Tianmu (30 ° 26 ʹN, 119 ° 34 ʹE), 1500 m, 18.viii. 1999, leg. Houhun Li. Guizhou Province: 1 Ƥ, Dashahe, Daozhen County (28 ° 53 ʹN, 107 ° 36 ʹE), 1350 m, 24.viii. 2004, leg. Yunli Xiao; 1 3, Lijiaba, Mayanghe (32 °06ʹN, 113 ° 55 ʹE), 700 m, 28.ix. 2007, leg. Hui Zhen. Yunnan Province: 1 3, Xiaoheishan, Longling County (24 ° 35 ʹN, 98 ° 41 ʹE), 2300 m, 10.viii. 2005, leg. Yingdang Ren. Gansu Province: Huamiao Village, Dangchuan Forest Farm, Tianshui City (34 ° 37 ʹN, 105 ° 42 ʹE), 1 Ƥ, 10.viii. 1988, leg. Xingyu Wu, 2 3, 1 Ƥ, 1331 m, 29−30.vii. 2006, leg. Xinpu Wang and Xiangfeng Shi. (Genitalia slide Nos.: ZX06123 Ƥ, ZX06195 Ƥ, ZX06259 3, HBB07072 3, SYH 10195 Ƥ, SYH 10198 3, SYH 10209 3, SYH 10213 Ƥ, SYH 11061 3, SYH 11280 3, SYH 11400 Ƥ, SYH 11401 Ƥ, SYH 11461 3, SYH 11651 Ƥ). Diagnosis. Adult (Fig. 16). Wingspan 12.0−14.0 mm. This species is very similar to P. lydiae, but P. scabra can be distinguished by the valva broad medially, narrow basally and distally, the median process about 1 / 2 the length of the transtilla, and the sacculus bearing a small terminal process in the male genitalia (Fig. 32); and by the ductus seminalis arising from the posterior half of the ductus bursae in the female genitalia (Fig. 44). In P. lydiae, the valva is slender and parallel sided, the length of the median process is about 2 / 3 the length of the transtilla, and the sacculus does not have a terminal process in the male genitalia; and the ductus seminalis arises from the anterior part of the ductus bursae in the female genitalia. Distribution. China (Gansu, Guizhou, Heilongjiang, Jiangxi, Liaoning, Shanxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Korea. Phalonidia silvestris Kuznetzov, 1966 (Figs. 17, 33, 45) Phalonidia silvestris Kuznetzov, 1966: 198. TL: Russia (Amur Region, Klimoutsy, 40 km W Svobodnyy). Material examined. CHINA: Henan Province: Mt. Baiyun, Song County (34 °08ʹN, 112 °05ʹE), 1 3, 1580 m, 21.vii. 2002, leg. Xinpu Wang, 3 Ƥ, 1400 m, 15−17.viii. 2008, leg. Houhun Li. Gansu Province: 1 3, Huamiao Village, Dangchuan Forest Farm, Tianshui City (34 ° 37 ʹN, 105 ° 42 ʹE), 1331 m, 29.vii. 2006, leg. Xinpu Wang and Xiangfeng Shi. Heilongjiang Province: 1 Ƥ, Yong’an Town, Tahe County (52 ° 19 ʹN, 124 ° 44 ʹE), 29.vii. 2009, leg. Weichun Li and Jiayu Liu. Hunan Province: 6 3, Mt. Badagong, Sangzhi County (29 ° 23 ʹN, 110 ° 11 ʹE), 1250 m, 13−14.viii. 2001, leg. Houhun Li and Xinpu Wang. Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region: 1 3, Dongshanpo Forest Farm, Liupanshan City (35 ° 42 ʹN, 106 ° 11 ʹE), 2050 m, 7.vii. 2008, leg. Shulian Hao and Zhiwei Zhang. (Genitalia slide Nos.: ZX06142 3, ZX06179 3, ZX06180 3, ZX06258 3, ZX07073 3, SYH 10091 Ƥ, SYH 11015 3, SYH 11684 Ƥ). Diagnosis. Adult (Fig. 17). Wingspan 14.0−16.0 mm. This species is very similar to P. melanothicta, but P. silvestris can be distinguished by the median process about 1 / 3 the length of the transtilla, the juxta triangularly protruded posterolaterally, and the phallus about 1.5 times the length of the valva in the male genitalia (Fig. 33); by the ductus seminalis arising from the posterior part of the ductus bursae, the corpus bursae ovoid, without a sclerotized band in the female genitalia (Fig. 45). In P. melanothicta the median process is about 1 / 2 the length of the transtilla, the juxta is straight on the posterior margin, and the phallus is slightly longer than the valva in the male genitalia; and the ductus seminalis arises from the anterior part of the ductus bursae, the corpus bursae is nearly rounded and bears a sclerotized band that forms an incomplete circle in the female genitalia. This species is also similar to P. latifasciana Razowski, 1970, and the differences between the two are noted under the latter species. Distribution. China (Gansu, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hunan, Liaoning, Ningxia), Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia. Phalonidia tenuispiniformis, sp. nov. (Figs. 18, 34, 46) Type material. CHINA: Holotype 3, CHINA: Xiaolongmen Forest Farm, Mentougou (39 ° 56 ʹN, 116 °05ʹE), Beijing, 14.viii. 2009, leg. Aihuan Zhang and Aihua Sun, genitalia slide No. SYH 10082. Paratypes: 2 3, 3 Ƥ, same data as holotype but 14−15.viii. 2009. Tianjin: 1 Ƥ, Heishuihe, Mt. Baxian (40 °02ʹN, 117 ° 24 ʹE), 600 m, 3.ix. 2010, leg. Yinghui Mou and Shurong Liu. (Genitalia slide Nos.: SYH 10080 Ƥ, SYH 10081 Ƥ, SYH 10084 Ƥ, SYH 10188 Ƥ, SYH 11019 3). Description. Adult (Fig. 18). Wingspan 12.0−14.0 mm. Head: Vertex and frons pale yellowish brown. Antenna yellowish brown, mixed with brownish black scales. Labial palpus about 1.5 times diameter of compound eye, yellowish brown with sparse brown scales on outer surface, pale yellowish white on inner surface. Thorax: Brownish black, mixed with yellowish brown; tegula brownish black mixed with yellowish brown except pale yellow distally. Forewing with costal margin slightly arched, apex protruded, termen somewhat oblique. Ground color pale yellowish white, yellow from base to inner margin of median fascia; costal margin with small brownish black spots, with a narrow yellowish brown stripe from base to inner margin of median fascia; median fascia brownish black, with sparse ochreous yellow scales, extending obliquely from between basal 2 / 7 and 4 / 7 of costal margin to between basal 1 / 4 and 1 / 2 of dorsum; subapical fascia brownish black, mixed with yellowish brown scales, extending from distal 1 / 5 of costal margin to tornus; an ovoid patch adjacent to inner margin of subapical fascia posteriorly, yellowish brown mixed with brownish black; pretornal spot at distal 2 / 5 of dorsum, yellow, triangular, anteriorly almost reaching outer margin of median fascia at middle; a small brownish black spot on dorsum beside outer margin of pretornal spot; fine brownish black stripes placed between outer margin of subapical fascia and termen; dorsum with sparse brownish black scales; cilia pale yellow, mixed with brownish black. Hindwing and cilia pale gray. Fore- and midlegs brownish black, with sparse yellowish brown scales, tarsal segments with yellow rings; hindleg yellowish white, sparsely mixed with gray. Abdomen: Grayish brown. Male genitalia (Fig. 34) with socii decumbent, fused in basal 1 / 3, separate in distal 2 / 3, curved inward. Valva broadest in basal half, gradually narrowed from middle to rounded apex; sclerotization of costa reaching apex; transtilla gradually narrowed from base to middle, median process narrow-triangular, about 1 / 2 length of transtilla. Sacculus about 3 / 4 length of costa, about three times as long as wide, slightly concave along dorsal margin, ventral margin straight; terminal process nearly triangular, pointed apically. Juxta nearly rounded. Phallus about 1.5 times length of costa, curved, pointed distally; cornutus slender, curved, spinelike, about 3 / 5 length of phallus. Female genitalia (Fig. 46) with papilla analis about same length as apophysis posterioris. Apophysis posterioris slightly shorter than apophysis anterioris, three times length of its basal plate. Antrum somewhat trapezoidal, length about same as width of anterior margin; ductus bursae heavily sclerotized, slightly longer than corpus bursae, length about four times width, with a cylindrical process arising from anterior part of ductus bursae, about same size as ductus bursae; ductus seminalis arising from posterior 1 / 4 of ductus bursae. Corpus bursae nearly rounded, sclerotized at connection with ductus bursae, densely suffused with fine wrinkles. Diagnosis. This species is very similar to P. c o re an a, but P. tenuispiniformis can be distinguished by the socii fused basally and separate distally, the sacculus with the ventral margin straight, and the cornutus about 3 / 5 the length of the phallus in the male genitalia; and by the ductus bursae slightly longer than the corpus bursae in the female genitalia. In P. c o re an a, the socii are separate throughout, the ventral margin of the sacculus is sinuate, and the cornutus is about 1 / 3 length of the phallus in the male genitalia; and the ductus bursae is about 1 / 5 length of the corpus bursae in the female genitalia. Distribution. China (Beijing, Tianjin). Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin prefix tenui- (slender), and spiniformis (spinelike), referring to the slender spinelike cornutus. Phalonidia zygota Razowski, 1964 (Figs. 19, 35, 47) Phalonidia zygota Razowski, 1964: 338. TL: Russia (Khabarovsky Krai, Raddé). Material examined. CHINA: Beijing: 1 3, Mt. Baihua, Mentougou (39 ° 52 ʹN, 115 ° 36 ʹE), 15−16.vii. 2012; 1 3, Xiaolongmen Forest Farm, Mentougou (39 ° 56 ʹN, 116 °05ʹE), 1080 m, 23.viii. 2010, leg. Aihuan Zhang and Zheng Li; 2 3, Dakezhuang Village, Mt. Song (41 °07ʹN, 117 ° 29 ʹE), 19.viii. 2010, leg. Aihuan Zhang and Jingxue Cai. Tianjin: Heishuihe, Mt. Baxian (40 °02ʹN, 117 ° 24 ʹE): 1 Ƥ, 500 m, 7−9.ix. 2001, 1 3, 500 m, 8−11.ix. 2005, leg. Houhun Li; 3 3, 600 m, 3−12.ix. 2010, leg. Yinghui Mou and Shurong Liu. Hebei Province: 1 3, 2 Ƥ, Xiaowutai, Yu County (39 ° 50 ʹN, 114 ° 33 ʹE), 1200 m, 22−23.viii. 2005, leg. Yunli Xiao; 1 3, 1 Ƥ, Mt. Wuling, Xinglong County (40 ° 24 ʹN, 117 ° 30 ʹE), 800 m, 20−21.viii. 2009, leg. Aihuan Zhang and Xueling Tian, 1 3, 800 m, 14.viii. 2010, leg. Aihuan Zhang and Hongmei Chen. Inner Mongolia: 1 3, Nantianmen, Helin, Hohhot (40 ° 23 ʹN, 111 ° 48 ʹE), 1400 m, 13.viii. 2007, leg. Houhun Li and Bidzilya. Jilin Province: Erdaobaihe (42 ° 26 ʹN, 128 °08ʹE): 1 Ƥ, 730 m, 2.viii. 2004, leg. Aihuan Zhang, 2 3, Huangsongpu Forest Farm, 1010 m, 4.viii. 2004, leg. Aihuan Zhang, 1 3, 760 m, 6.viii. 2004, leg. Zhijie Wang. Heilongjiang Province: Heihe City: 1 3, Mt. Kalun (52 ° 19 ʹN, 124 ° 44 ʹE), 120 m, 25.vii. 1997, 7 3, 170 m, 26.vii. 1997, 1 3, Sanzhan, 400 m, 27.vii. 1997, 2 3, Mt. Le, 500 m, 28.vii. 1997, leg. Houhun Li; 6 3, 1 Ƥ, Mt. Xiaogu, Wudalianchi City (48 ° 39 ʹN, 126 °07ʹE), 270 m, 30.vii. 1997, leg. Houhun Li; 1 3, Liangshui Nature Reserves (46 ° 32 ʹN, 126 °07ʹE), 22.vii. 2009, leg. Weichun Li and Jiayu Liu. Guizhou Province: 2 3, 1 Ƥ, Guanling (25 ° 56 ʹN, 105 ° 36 ʹE), leg. Huilin Han. Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region: 1 Ƥ, Xiaonanchuan, Jingyuan County, (36 ° 21 ʹN, 105 ° 43 ʹE), 2400 m, 8.viii. 2000, leg. Houhun Li and Shuxia Wang. (Genitalia slide Nos.: ZAH03425 Ƥ, ZAH03631 3, YHL04115 Ƥ, SYH 10171 3, SYH 10172 3, SYH 10189 3, SYH 10190 3, SYH 10191 3, SYH 10192 3, SYH 10194 3, SYH 10199 3, SYH 10202 3, SYH 11685 Ƥ, SYH 10686 3, SYH 10687 Ƥ). Diagnosis. Adult (Fig. 19). Wingspan 14.0–16.0 mm. This species is superficially similar to P. chlorolitha, and the differences between them are noted under the latter species. This species is also similar to P. l y d i a e, but P. zygota can be distinguished by having an obliquely truncated apex of the valva, the median process about 3 / 5 length of the transtilla, and the cornutus with a somewhat large sclerotized plate at the base in the male genitalia (Fig. 35); and by the ductus bursae slightly longer than the antrum in the female genitalia (Fig. 47). In P. lydiae, the apex of valva is rounded, the median process is about 2 / 3 length of the transtilla, and the cornutus lacks a sclerotized plate basally in the male genitalia; and the ductus bursae is about twice as long as the antrum in the female genitalia. Distribution. China (Beijing, Gansu, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Inner Mongolia, Jilin, Qinghai, Shandong, Tianjin), Japan, Korea, Mongolia, Russia.Published as part of Sun, Yinghui & Li, Houhun, 2013, Taxonomic review of Chinese Phalonidia Le Marchand, 1933 (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Cochylini), pp. 533-553 in Zootaxa 3641 (5) on pages 549-552, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3641.5.3, http://zenodo.org/record/22414
Riveting the atomically distributed lithiophilic centers in the CNT-reinforced interfacial layer: an ultrathin, light-weight deposition substrate toward superior Li utilization
No full textThe dynamically unstable interfacial properties and the low Li-utilization degree hinder the practical use of metallic lithium anodes in energy-dense battery construction with limited cation sources (lean electrolyte in the anode-free/anode-less model). Herein, an ultrathin interfacial layer of atomic Zn-doped N-doped carbon was prepared by a stepwise pyrolysis process and is proposed to regulate the reversible metallic plating/stripping process toward Cu foil. The ultrathin (similar to 2 mu m) and lightweight (0.25 mg cm(-2)) carbonaceous interfacial layer contained porous Zn-doped N-doped carbon sheets derived from metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as a storage unit and interweaved carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as the structural support (denoted as the Zn-NC-CNT interfacial layer). The Zn-NC-CNT interfacial layer could effectively modify the Cu deposition substrate, maximizing the Li-utilization degree in both the symmetric cells and in a 2 mA h full battery prototype when integrated with the commercial NMC-811 (LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2) cathode. This ultrathin layer interfacial modification strategy provides a feasible routine to construct the quasi-anode-free configuration without excessive Li abuse toward balanced energy/power densities and good cycling endurance.THEO
Soft-Targets and Incentive Compensation in Non-Profit Organizations
No full textMonetary targets are highly prevalent in fundraising campaigns. Although some
theoretical research has been conducted to explain why fundraising organizations set
such targets when charities are raised to ful ll certain capital requirements, there
has been no literature that can suitably answer why a target is still announced when
such capital requirements are not present. On the other hand, empirical studies have
shown that performance-based incentive compensation has become more and more
prevalent in the nonpro t sector. Based on the empirical observations, the author
theorizes that fundraising organizations implement incentive compensation that is
dependent on whether a soft target is reached, in order to motivate the fundraising
sta to exert more e ort in reaching out to potential donors. This paper presents a
theoretical model using a game theory framework to account for the existence of "soft targets" in the fundraising industry
Mangaanin erotus kaivos- ja akkujäteliuoksista karbonaattisaostuksella
No full textThe demand for manganese (Mn) has recently been rising, as one of the most important elements in the steel industry and a major element needed for battery electrodes of the future. Currently, Mn recovery from secondary sources is poor on an industrial scale, as it is a relatively low-cost chemical. Therefore, the processes for the extraction of Mn from low-grade (<40 wt.% Mn) ores need to be implemented. Since the largest Mn deposits are remote or difficult to access, efficient recycling processes must be developed. Thus, as the global industry grows and the need for Mn increases, it is imperative to develop effective methods for the recycling of raw materials needed in steel and battery manufacturing.
The recovery of Mn from steel slags, low-grade Mn ores and battery waste has been studied extensively. The recovery of Mn from battery waste is complex and depends on the battery type. The recovery of metals from lithium-ion batteries is a more recent research interest and typically requires a combination of mechanical and chemical methods due to the complicated structures of the battery electrodes. Battery metals separation and selective chemical precipitation from leach solutions have been heavily developed during the recent years with different inorganic as well as organic acids.
In this work, the precipitation of Mn as a carbonate and the co-precipitation of iron (Fe) and lithium (Li) were investigated. The dependency of metal precipitation on time and pH was studied in two synthetic sulfate-based solutions mimicking a primary process solution containing 7 g/l Mn, 12 g/l Fe, 5 g/l Mg and 1 g/l Na and a purified waste battery leach solution containing 10 g/l Mn, 1.5 g/l Fe and 3.2 g/l Li. The studied pH range was 5–9. 2.5 M NaOH and 200 g/l Na2CO3 were used as precipitating agents. Mn extraction was found to be lower with NaOH and filtration was observed to be slow, therefore Na2CO3 is recommended as the precipitating agent. Mn and Fe coprecipitation was observed to be almost inevitable. Increasing pH and lengthening the reaction time had a favorable effect on precipitation, with pH having a higher impact.
For both investigated solutions, the highest increase in extraction occurred between pH 6 and 7. To extract Mn and Fe from the solutions as a mixed precipitate, pH 7.2 with a 4-hour reaction time is recommended for the mining process solution, resulting in 100% Mn and 100% Fe extraction. In the case of the battery waste solution, 100% of Mn and 100% of Fe extraction was achieved with 30% of Li coprecipitating at pH 7.6 with 4 hours of reaction time. There is a slight potential for selective precipitation of Mn from the mining process solution at pHs between 6.4 and 6.8. In this range, up to 100% of Mn could be precipitated with under 30% of Fe coprecipitatation with careful pH regulation. However, further studies are needed to confirm the feasibility of the suggested method. Fe can be selectively precipitated from the purified battery waste solution in pH 6.0–6.4 with over 4 hours of reaction time. After this, Mn could be extracted by raising the pH to 6.8 for 2 hours, resulting in 100% Mn extraction with 30% of Li coprecipitating. Li precipitation was observed to depend on coprecipitation with Mn and Fe, rather than pH or time. 30% of Li was precipitated in each condition where Mn and Fe were fully extracted. This suggests the adsorption of Li by Mn or coprecipitation as Li2CO3.Viime vuosina mangaanin kysyntä on noussut voimakkaasti yhtenä terästeollisuuden ja tulevaisuuden akkuelektrodien tärkeimmistä raaka-aineista. Mangaanikemikaalit ovat edullisia, mutta mangaanin talteenotto sekundaarisista lähteistä on nykyisellään vähäistä. Lisäksi suurimmat mangaanimalmiesiintymät ovat maantieteellisesti etäisissä tai haastavissa paikoissa. Tämän vuoksi niin mangaanin kierrätystä kuin talteenottoprosesseja heikkolaatuisista (<40 m-%) raaka-aineista on tärkeää kehittää. Mangaanin talteenottoa terästeollisuuden kuonasta, heikkolaatuisista malmeista ja akkujätteestä onkin tutkittu laajasti. Sen kierrättäminen akkujätteestä on monimutkaista, sillä mangaanin määrä jätteessä vaihtelee kierrätettyjen akkujen kemiallisesta koostumuksesta riippuen. Litiumioniakkujen yleistyessä metallien talteenotto litiumioniakkujätteestä on alkanut herättää kiinnostusta. Talteenotto vaatii tyypillisesti mekaanisten ja kemiallisten yksikköprosessien yhdistämistä akkuelektrodien monimutkaisten rakenteiden vuoksi. Akkumetallien erottamista sekä epäorgaanisten että orgaanisten happojen avulla ja sen jälkeistä selektiivistä kemiallista saostamista uuttoliuoksista on kehitetty viime vuosina huomattavasti.
Tässä työssä tutkittiin mangaanin kemiallista saostamista karbonaattina sekä raudan ja litiumin saostumista. Reaktioajan ja pH-arvon riippuvuutta metallien saostuksessa tutkittiin kahdesta synteettisestä sulfaattiliuoksesta: primääriteollisuudessa muodostuvasta prosessiliuoksesta, joka sisälsi 7 g/l mangaania, 12 g/l rautaa, 5 g/l magnesiumia ja 1 g/l natriumia, sekä akkujätteen tuoteliuoksen kaltaisesta puhdistetusta liuoksesta, joka sisälsi 10 g/l mangaania, 1.5 g/l rautaa and 3.2 g/l litiumia. Tutkittu pH-alue metallien saostamiseksi oli 5–9. Sekä neutraloinnissa että saostuksessa käytettiin 2.5 M NaOH- ja 200 g/l Na2CO3-liuoksia. Mangaanin saostus Na2CO3-liuoksella todettiin tehokkaammaksi, joten se valittiin tarkempaan tutkimukseen. Sekä pH-arvon että reaktioajan nostamisen havaittiin edistävän metallien saostumista ja mangaanin todettiin saostuvan yhtäaikaisesti raudan kanssa. Eniten lopulliseen saostuskäyttäytymiseen vaikutti prosessissa käytetty pH-arvo.
Molemmilla tutkituilla liuoksilla suurin kasvu metallisaostuksessa tapahtui pH-arvojen 6 ja 7 välillä. Tulosten perusteella mangaanin ja raudan saostamiseen primääriteollisuuden liuoksesta voidaan suositella pH-arvoa 7.2 neljän tunnin reaktioajalla, jolloin molemmat metallit saostuvat täysin. Akkujäteliuokselle suositellaan neljän tunnin reaktioaikaa pH-arvossa 7.6, jolloin kaikki rauta ja mangaani sekä 30 % litiumista saostuu muodostuvaan kiintoaineeseen. Mangaanin selektiivisen saostuksen havaittiin olevan mahdollista primääriteollisuuden liuoksesta tarkalla pH-arvon säätämisellä arvojen 6.4 ja 6.8 väliin. Tällöin on mahdollista erottaa jopa 100 % mangaania kiintoaineeseen, kun raudasta saostuisi alle 30 %. Jatkotutkimuksia tarvitaan, jotta suositeltujen prosessiolosuhteiden käyttökelpoisuus voidaan varmistaa. Akkujäteliuosta tutkittaessa havaittiin, että rauta saostuu pH-arvon ollessa 6.0–6.4, minkä jälkeen kaikki mangaani voitiin saostaa pH-arvossa 6.8 kahden tunnin aikana. Tällöin myös 30 % litiumia saostui mangaanisakkaan. Työssä havaittiin, että aina, kun rauta ja mangaani saostuivat kokonaan, litiumia oli saostunut liuoksesta 30 %. Tästä voidaan päätellä, että litiumin saostumiskäyttäytyminen on riippuvainen mangaanin ja raudan saostumisesta. Ilmiö voi johtua litiumkarbonaatin (Li2CO3) saostumisesta tai muodostuvan sakan kyvystä adsorboida litiumia
Topic of the Day: Author Rights
No full textOne of the biggest questions about Open Access is Author Rights and how it affects published or unpublished works. The SPARC Author Right\u27s Initiative Resources for Authors answers these questions and more. The site also offers resources for authors to generate a printable addendum to publishing agreements in one easy step
Students abroad : aspects of exchange students' language
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<li> Mauranen, Anna & Markkanen, Raija: Introduction, pp. i-vii</li>
<li> Mauranen, Anna: Two discourse worlds: Study genres in Britain and Finland, pp. 1-40</li>
<li> Huhta, Ari: Finnish exchange students' self-assessed language proficiency, pp. 41-68</li>
<li> Markkanen, Raija: "In this essay I will concentrate..." - Metadiscourse used by Finnish students, pp. 69-88</li>
<li> Ylönen, Sabine: Die Bedeutung von Textsortenwissen für die interkulturelle Kommunikation - Kommunikative Unterschiede im Biologiestudium an den Partneruniversitäten Jyväskylä und Bonn, pp. 89-113
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<li> Helin, Markku - Janne Hopeela: Teaching methods and coursework requirements in study handbooks at Jyväskylä and Kent, pp. 114-133</li>
<li> Harjula, Heli - Sari Manninen: A study year abroad: Exchange students' assessments of their English language proficiency, pp. 134-149
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<li> Nordlund, Joan; Lindeberg, Nanette & Lönnfors, Pearl: Finnish exchange students in Edinburgh - How do they cope? How could they cope better? pp. 150-164
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Author John M. Barry Tells the Story of Early America’s Emerging Ideals Through Roger Williams
No full textBestselling author and historian John M. Barry revealed the story behind University namesake and the founder of Rhode Island
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