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The analysis of international laptop industry value chain's strategic management performance
No full text台灣筆記型電腦代工產業從早期藉由優越的代工製造技術及上游供應鏈整合能因此一開始發展得相當快速，然而整體筆記型電腦產業發展至今低價風潮競爭不只存在於品牌商，在代工商部份也以降低代工價格的方式爭奪代工訂單，導致獲利漸微的情況。本研究以各研究對象（品牌商與代工商）的經營策略輔以財務分析加以衡量經營策略的實行結果，並探討筆記型電腦產業是否正如微笑曲線所表現－在專注於行銷服務端的品牌商其獲利高於專注於製造端的代工商。最後再以韓國製造業在面對產業變化時的策略方向的轉變為借鏡來對現今台灣筆記型電腦代工商提出建議。
經過研究之後發現所選取之筆記型電腦代工商：廣達、仁寶及英業達在本業上的毛利率確實有下降的趨勢，並且其平均毛利率低於所選取之品牌商戴爾與惠普的平均毛利率。這便印證了微笑曲線所說專注在行銷服務端所能帶給企業的價值是高於專注於製造端的價值。最後本研究建議台灣筆記型電腦代工商應可繼續加強在提升自身產品品質方面及即時交貨方面等方面的努力。並且繼續在研究發展方面持續投入以使自身產品在功能或外觀上比其他競爭者不同來增強競爭力，並繼續維持在製造成本上的持續降低以提高獲利。另一方面藉由加強研究發展的投入來改良代工生產技術更可使微笑曲線中的研發及製造端相互結合為公司創造更高的價值。Through superior manufacturing skills and the strong ability of integration with supply chain, the Taiwan laptop manufacturing industry has been rapidly developing in the past few years. However, with a result of corporations (Including ODM companies) in the industry conducting a low price strategy in an effort of increasing the quantity of sales recently, the gross profits of sales has also gradually decreased at the same time. In this article, I will be doing analysis of the researched companies’（Brand companies and ODM manufacturing companies in this industry）operating strategies and financial performance in order to measure the outcome of the strategies they have used. In addition, I will also be doing an analysis to test if the laptop industry applies to the smile curve theory that has been describes as: The Brand companies will focus on the right side of the curve’s (Marketing and service), which leads to more value compared with manufacturing companies that focus on the bottom of the curve (Manufacturing). I will be using an example on what Korea manufacturing companies did to correspond to the industry environment change in order to make suggestions on how Taiwan laptop manufacturing companies could mimic at the end of this article.
After my research, I discovered that the laptop manufacturing companies that I chose (Quanta, Compal, and Inventec ) showed a downward trend of gross profit every year. Also, their average gross profit is lower compared with the laptop brand companies that I selected (Dell and HPQ). This result also indicates that the marketing and service activity at the right side of the smile curve can produce more value to corporations than the manufacturing activities which is located at the bottom of the laughing curve. At last, I will suggest Taiwan laptop manufacturing companies to keep on the improvement of product quality and also to seek for a development of a more effective product delivery method. Moreover, continuity of strong R&D investment to make their products’ differentiate from other competitors’ and also to keep manufacturing cost low to assure their sales can yield the profit. Thus, by strongly investing in R&D, companies can integrate the smile curve’s manufacturing side and R&D side which will lead to a much higher value for corporations.目錄
第一章 緒論...............................................1
第一節 研究背景...........................................1
第二節 研究動機與方法.....................................2
第二章 筆記型電腦產業分析.................................4
第一節 全球筆記型電腦產業分析.............................4
第二節 筆記型電腦產業價值鏈分析...........................9
第三節 台灣筆記型電腦代工產業五力分析....................12
第四節 筆記型電腦零組件及採購組裝分析....................16
第五節 遷廠大陸..........................................19
第六節 本章小結..........................................20
第三章 國際筆記型電腦品牌商經營策略分析..................24
第一節 戴爾電腦..........................................24
第二節 惠普公司..........................................31
第三節 筆記型電腦國際品牌商經營策略與財務結果交互配合分析....... ................................................40
第四章 台灣筆記型電腦代工商經營策略分析..................45
第一節 廣達公司..........................................45
第二節 仁寶公司..........................................54
第三節 英業達公司........................................56
第四節 筆記型電腦代工商經營策略與財務結果交互配合分析....61
第五節 筆記型電腦品牌商及代工商經營策略彙整及差異分析....69
第五章 結論與建議........................................75
第一節 研究結論..........................................75
第二節 將韓國製造業面臨產業轉型所採行之策略為借鏡........76
第三節 對台灣筆記型電腦代工產業的建議....................77
第四節 研究限制..........................................78
第五節 未來研究建議......................................79
參考文獻.................................................80
圖目錄
第一章....................................................1
圖1-2-1 後進地區科技產業的苦笑曲線........................3
第二章....................................................4
圖2-1-1筆記型電腦產品價格組成圖...........................5
圖2-1-2筆記型電腦產業價值鏈與企業價值鏈分工圖.............6
圖2-1-3台灣筆記型電腦代工出貨佔全球比例...................7
圖2-1-4 近年筆記型電腦代工商毛利走勢圖....................8
圖2-2-1價值鏈示意圖.......................................9
圖2-2-2筆記型電腦價值鏈示意圖............................10
圖2-2-3惠普全球專業分工圖................................11
圖2-3-1五力分析圖........................................13
圖2-4-1筆記型電腦零組件結構..............................17
圖2-6-1微笑曲線(一)......................................21
圖2-6-2微笑曲線(二)......................................22
圖2-6-3微笑曲線(三)......................................22
第三章...................................................24
圖3-1-1戴爾全球專業分工..................................29
圖3-2-1惠普與康柏合併....................................35
圖3-2-2惠普全球營業額組成地區分佈圖......................38
圖3-2-3新惠普通路架構圖..................................40
圖3-3-1戴爾與惠普毛利率趨勢圖............................42
第四章...................................................45
圖4-1-1廣達與三洋合作成立新公司之組織架構圖..............50
圖4-1-2廣達關係企業組織圖................................54
圖4-3-1英業達公司組織圖..................................60
圖4-4-1廣達與仁寶及英業達銷貨趨勢圖......................61
圖4-4-2廣達與仁寶及英業達毛利率趨勢圖....................61
圖4-4-3廣達與仁寶及英業達研發支出趨勢....................64
圖4-5-1戴爾與惠普毛利率與平均毛利率之離散................73
圖4-5-2 廣達與仁寶及英業達毛利率與平均毛利率之離散.......73
第五章...................................................75
圖5-1-1 筆記型電腦品牌商與代工商平均毛利率比較...........75
表目錄
第二章....................................................4
表2-1-1代工廠商往來客戶表.................................8
表2-4-1國際品牌商參與零組件採購程度表....................18
表2-4-2國際品牌商對於零組件採購權收回表..................18
表2-5-1台灣筆記型電腦代工廠全球營運據點..................20
第三章...................................................24
表3-3-1存貨週轉期間......................................41
表3-3-2戴爾與惠普銷貨成本占銷貨比例之成長率變動表........44
第四章...................................................45
表4-1-1廣達關係企業產品組成表............................47
表4-1-2廣達銷售產品組合..................................51
表4-2-1仁寶關係企業產品組成表............................56
表4-3-1英業達與關係企業產品組成表........................59
表4-4-1銷貨成本與毛利佔銷貨之比例分析表..................62
表4-4-2歷年專利權申請數..................................65
表4-4-3投資統寶光電......................................65
表4-4-4投資華寶通訊......................................66
表4-4-5英業達五家公司轉投資收益佔總投資收益比率..........67
表4-4-6英業達五家總和投資受益佔稅前淨利比率..............67
表4-4-7英業達五大事業民國８６年至９５年９月投資收益匯總表.......................................................68
表4-5-1國際筆記型電腦品牌商經營策略彙整..................69
表4-5-2台灣筆記型電腦代工商經營策略彙整..................71
第五章...................................................75
表5-2-1三星歷年純益率....................................77
表5-2-2三星歷年股東權益報酬率............................7
Verify the Bowen Ratio equation by using Eddy Covariance Method
No full text空氣品質模式對於污染物的擴散模擬是被擴散尺度所影響，擴散尺度是由大氣穩定度決定，大氣穩定度的計算又由可感熱通量所計算出，而包溫比是可感熱通量和潛熱通量的比值，所以包溫比決定的合理性，會影響到可感熱通量的值，進而對後續污染物擴散模擬的結果有所影響，因此希望改善不同於目前空氣品質模式裡對於包溫比是以定值作決定之方式。本研究由熱力學的理論推導出一個包溫比估算式，此估算式可由台灣的逐時氣象資料，算出逐時的包溫比。
為了驗證此估算式，本研究使用棲蘭通量站與關渡通量站的數據，也就是Eddy covariance法的數據，利用實際量測的方法探討此估算式在台灣的適用性，並且求出一個修正係數α，藉由此修正係數使理論包溫比更符合實際情況。
由研究結果顯示，在棲蘭通量站理論包溫比有明顯低估，而關渡則沒有，在經過修正後，可以改善低估的情況，而使可感熱通量與潛熱通量更符合EC法所量測。在大氣穩定度方面，是以EC法所計算的大氣穩定度為基準，去比較理論包溫比、修正後的理論包溫比以及定值包溫比三種方法所計算出來的大氣穩定度，理論包溫比和EC法結果一致的比例高於定值包溫比，且修正後的理論包溫比所求之大氣穩定度等級和EC法一致的比例可達75%以上。The air quality model to simulate pollutants’ diffusion is affected by the diffusion degree that determined by the atmospheric stability, and the calculation of the atmospheric stability can be obtained from sensible heat flux. Bowen ratio, the ratio between sensible heat flux and latent heat flux, and its rational decision will change the value of sensible heat flux as well as subsequently modify the result of contaminants simulation. Therefore, instead of setting Bowen ratio as a constant by recent air quality models, this research applies the theory of thermodynamics to deduce the estimated Bowen ratio formula that could find the time-varying Bowen ratio from time-varying weather information in Taiwan.
To verify the estimated formula, this research uses Eddy covariance data from Chilan and Guandu flux site in Taiwan to evaluate the feasibility of the formula by in-situ analysis method and then to propose one modified factorα. It is more consistent with real situation by such modified factor. According to the research result, the theoretical Bowen ratio is significantly underestimated at Chilan flux site but not at Guandu flux site. However, after applying factorα, both sensible and latent heat flux fit data that derived from Bowen ratio method. The atmospheric stability based on Eddy covariance is used to compare the resulting atmospheric stability with the theoretical, the modified and the constant Bowen ratio methods. The ratio of the same stability by the theoretical Bowen ratio and Eddy covariance is higher than the stability by the constant Bowen ratio, and the ratio that both the modified theoretical Bowen ratio and Eddy covariance show the consistent degree of the atmospheric stability is higher than 75%
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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