3,499 research outputs found
Transforming heavy metal sludge into spinel materials by high-temperature process
No full text重金屬污泥為有害事業廢棄物之一，若未妥善處理將會危害環境及人體健康。以熱處理技術將重金屬汙泥轉化為礦物結構或陶瓷材料，可安定穩定化汙泥中之重金屬，且具有將廢棄污泥轉化為有用資材之潛勢，例如尖晶石材料。由於重金屬污泥所含成分與尖晶石合成原料相似，故以熱處理程序將重金屬污泥轉化為尖晶石材料並同時達到安定穩定化之目的是值得期待的。
研究中除評估重金屬污泥轉化為高經濟價值尖晶石材料之可行性外，也嘗試應用微波加熱技術合成尖晶石材料。實驗中將探討反應溫度、加熱時間、微波功率及不同氧化物之影響，並分析合成產物之物化特性。尖晶石轉化效率、安定化效率、固相化學反應及不同氧化物競爭機制也將一併討論。最後將尖晶石合成技術應用於實場污泥上，證實其實際應用之可行性，且進行以尖晶石吸附重金屬之初步試驗，以達到廢棄物資材化之最終目的。
結果顯示以熱處理程序在3小時800 °C操作條件下，模擬污泥可被轉化為銅鐵尖晶石(CuFe2O4)與銅鋁尖晶石(CuAl2O4)材料。而銅鐵尖晶石具有低溫(800~900 °C) tetragonal相及高溫(> 1000 °C) cubic相兩種不同晶型；而銅鋁尖晶石只具有單一晶相。在溫度超過1100 °C之後，兩種尖晶石皆會分解為delafossite相(CuFeO2及CuAlO2)。在經過長時間TCLP的測試後，兩種含銅尖晶石皆可大幅降低銅的溶出並達到安定穩定化的效果，而銅鐵尖晶石之安定穩定化效果優於銅鋁尖晶石。以FTIR鑑定尖晶石在四面體與八面體結構的吸收波段，也可證明尖晶石的形成，並證實銅離子在結構中的擴散是形成不同晶相銅鐵尖晶石之主因。而低溫tetragonal相之尖晶石具有硬磁性；高溫cubic相之尖晶石則具有軟磁性。因不同處理條件下所產生不同特性之尖晶石，將會影響後續廢棄物資材化的方向。而在同時具有氧化鐵及氧化鋁的汙泥中，氧化銅會優先與氧化鐵形成銅鐵尖晶石，且尖晶石於高溫之分解情形也將受到雜質之影響。另外以混和式微波加熱技術可成功合成兩種尖晶石，且可大幅縮短反應時間及減少能源消耗，比傳統加熱方式更具優勢。
在後續應用結果方面，實場污泥在未經過調質前，可於800 °C時形成銅鋁尖晶石，但高溫時在雜質的干擾下，尖晶石不會分解為delafossite相。實場汙泥經過調值燒結後，銅溶出濃度可較未調值更低，證實以高溫合成尖晶石法可有效將實場重金屬汙泥轉化為尖晶石結構並達成安定穩定化之目標。而重金屬吸附及再利用實驗中，磁性銅鐵尖晶石可以靜電吸附移除五種重金屬離子(Cu2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, Ni2+及Zn2+)，五種金屬在12小時吸附時間的處理效率依序為92%, 90%, 81%, 80%及55%，移除效率會隨著pH增加而升高。再利用實驗也證實利用磁性分離技術可有效回收磁性吸附劑並重複使用，在六次重複試驗後，吸附效率仍可達80%。因此由上述結果可證實利用熱處理技術可將重金屬污泥轉化為尖晶石材料，除達到污泥安定穩定化之目標，也可達成廢棄物資源化再利用之最終目的。Heavy metal sludge from metal surface treatment, anodizing, plating, and printed circuit board manufacture are hazardous solid waste. Stabilizing metal sludge via thermal treatment has the potential to convert hazardous metal sludge into mineral phase and reusable product, such as spinel ceramics. Owing to the composition of the heavy metal sludge is similar to the precursors of spinel mineral, including divalent metal oxides and trivalent metal oxides, the sintering processes for stabilizing or transforming the metal oxides into spinel structure will be expected.
The goal of this study is to evaluate the technical feasibility of incorporating heavy metal sludge into high-value spinel ceramics by thermal process, and thus to reduce the environmental hazard and promote the economic value of solid waste. The study tried to apply thermal processes, including conventional way and microwave energy, on the transforamtion of heavy metal sludge. The effects of temperature, sintering time, microwave power and different oxides were investigated in the study. The reactive mechanisms of reactants and the feasibility of following applications were also discussed.
Results indicated that CuFe2O4 and CuAl2O4 were also effectively formed at around 800 °C by the ferric oxide and gamma alumina precursors with 3 h of short sintering, respectively. Transformation of CuFe2O4 was found on two crystallographic spinel structures: the low-temperature (800~900 °C) tetragonal phase (t-CuFe2O4) and the high-temperature (~1000 °C) cubic phase (c-CuFe2O4), and CuAl2O4 was only found one crystallographic structures during the thermal process. At higher temperatures (~1100 °C), the formation of cuprous ferrite delafossite (CuFeO2) and cuprous aluminate delafossite (CuAlO2) phase from the dissociation of spinel was also noted. Both CuFe2O4 and CuAl2O4 spinel had a better intrinsic resistance to the acidic environment when compared to the CuO phase according to results of the modified TCLP test. But the CuFe2O4 structure is more stable under acidic environment than the CuAl2O4 structure. The observation of tetrahedral and octahedral absorption bands from FTIR results proved the formation of spinel structure, and the shift phenomenon was also confirmed by the occupancy of cations in different sites. Tetragonal phase CuFe2O4 provided hard magnetic characteristic at low temperatures, and the cubic phase CuFe2O4 provided soft magnetic characteristics at high temperatures. Different characteristics of CuFe2O4 produced at different temperatures will affect further applications on the environmental engineering. In the sample with hematite and gamma alumina, copper oxide would prefer to incorporate with Fe2O3 for forming spinel structure. CuFe2O4 and CuAl2O4 spinel were also successfully synthesized by hybrid microwave process which could significantly reduce the processing time and energy. The raw heavy metal sludge without adjustment could be transformed into CuAl2O4 spinel at the temperature of 800 °C. However, the dissociation of CuAl2O4 was not observed at high temperature, which was due to the impurities existed in samples. The raw heavy metal sludge could also be transformed into CuAl2O4 and significantly decreased the Cu leaching concentration after adjustment by thermal process. The results confirmed that the spinel synthesized technique could be successfully applied to the filed heavy metal sludge to get the objective of stabilization.
The adsorption/reusability experiments demonstrated that CuFe2O4 particles could be used as a magnetic adsorbent by electrostatic attraction to remove various metal ions (Cu2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+). The removal efficiencies of Cu2+, Pb2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ with 12 h of contacting time were about 92%, 90%, 81%, 80%, and 55%, respectively. The removal efficiency of Cu2+ and Pb2+ gradually increased with the increase of pH. The regeneration tests also showed that the removal efficiency of Cu2+ during six cycles was > 80%, and the magnetic CuFe2O4 particles could repeatedly be used for metal ions removal in aqueous environments. Therefore, transforming heavy metal sludge into spinel materials could not obtain only the objective of stabilization but also the reutilization of solid waste
Stabilization and phase transformation of CuFe2O4 sintered from simulated copper-laden sludge
No full textLi Yu's Theory of Chinese Drama
No full textLi Yu\ue2s Theory of Chinese Opera
Abstract
Li Yu (1611-1680) is a renowned Chinese opera writer in the early Qing dynasty. His work \ue2Ten Operas\ue2 features surprising plots and easy-to-understand scripts, criticized as \ue2intended to make common\ue2 and \ue2simple to comprehend\ue2, reflecting his writing attitude and style in developing popular and entertainment culture. This deviates himself from the literary direction of drama (chuanqi) writing since the mid-Ming dynasty. In addition, Li Yu is also a Chinese opera critic. The \ue2script\ue2 and \ue2play act\ue2 sections in his \ue2Xian Qing Ou Ji \ue2(Journal of Leisure Time) discussed mainly the writing and performing of Chinese operas. The journal was written after the publication of the \ue2Ten Operas\ue2, which can be regarded as a summary of Li Yu\ue2s seasoned experience in writing Chinese operas. The journal is also a main research subject of this study. Literature on Chinese operas in Ming and Qing dynasties is rich. On the format, some focused their discussions in a specific book while some discussions were found scattered in anthologies and critics\ue2 notes. On the content, some examined the stories from historical perspectives, some centered on the wording as well as on tones and singing skills; or some were precise investigations on the development of Chinese opera history. The literature is documented with quite a few unique perceptions on the presentations of Chinese operas. These critiques, even as specific works, only present checklist style discussions. Some greater volumes manage to categorize various works but yet to conclude a coherent theory on Chinese opera. The results are usually unsystematic. Li Yu\ue2s theory is distinguished as having a subjective intension to establish a critique system on Chinese operas. In other words, he intended to construct the foundation and writing principles that \ue2others can follow\ue2 and clearly control the essence and development of Chinese operas. His emphasis of \ue2structure\ue2 in making critiques is the result of fully understanding the \ue2dramatic characteristics\ue2 in Chinese operas. Li Yu presented his theory mainly in the \ue2Xian Qing Ou Ji\ue2 with the \ue2script\ue2 and \ue2play act\ue2 sections, the \ue2script\ue2 section stressed on the writing theory while the \ue2play act\ue2 on the presentation. \ue2Dramatic presentation\ue2 is related to the professionalism of actors, not judged by writers\ue2 imagination, thus there are not many discussions on the performance. Li Yu doubled himself as writer and director and developed a system of perception and opinions of his own towards performing Chinese operas. Comparing his writing and presenting Chinese operas, the latter is weaker in depth than the former. Some of the discussions on presentation focus on how to handle scripts on stage and can be regarded as the extension of script writing. Therefore this study is led to focus on Li Yu\ue2s writing. Although Li Yu intended to establish a theory and principle of Chinese opera writing in the \ue2Script section of the Xian Qing Ou Ji\ue2, he only managed to reinforce the importance of the \ue2structure-first\ue2 principle and categorized rhetoric system, tonal pattern, rhyme scheme, conversation and humorous acts with the supplementary discussions of Chinese operas\ue2 \ue2forms\ue2. His categorization seems yet to reach a literature theory defined by modern literary norms. Actually Li Yu produced versatile discussions on Chinese operas. Some of his discussions are related to the fundamental definition, characteristics and functions of Chinese operas. Some belong to the construct of literary principles of Chinese opera. Some are the exploration of the principles and practical skills of Chinese opera writing. Furthermore, there is some comment on some specific works, as well as the discussion of different presentation styles in terms of the development in literary history. Li Yu made a clear intension in constructing the theory of Chinese opera, yet there is quite some space for adjustment in certain areas. Thus this study tries to integrate and summarize Li Yu\ue2s theory on Chinese opera, in a hope of re-constructing and re-translating from modern literary perspectives for eliciting more meaningful implications. During the process, the most important task is to analyze and formulate a theory structure on Li Yu\ue2s perspectives as three major aspects: fundamental theory of Chinese opera, theory of writing Chinese opera and theory of presenting Chinese opera. Fundamental theory of Chinese opera discusses the basic features of Chinese opera as the fundamental basis to construct theories on writing and presentation. These theories also project that his emphasis on the special formulation of Chinese operas and stagecraft. These distinguish him from other theories on Chinese opera in his contemporary era. This study develops as the following structure: Chapter one \ue2Introduction\ue2 states the research motives, scope, methodology and thesis summary in addition to the description of Li Yu\ue2s life and his literary achievements. Chapter two \ue2General Discussion\ue2 explores Li Yu\ue2s fundamental theory of Chinese opera, including the discussions on the artistic characteristics, position of Chinese operas in literature, the essence of Chinese operas, core values in appreciating Chinese operas and functions of Chinese operas \ue2\ua6etc. Chapters three to seven are on theory of Chinese opera writing. Principles and standards in writing Chinese operas are discussed in terms of specific elements that compose Chinese operas. Chapter three \ue2Plot\ue2 redefines viewpoints on the structure in Li Yu\ue2s theory of Chinese opera. Chapter four \ue2Format\ue2 describes the regular formation of traditional Chinese opera presentation after the discussion on structure because set formation results in certain impact on the presentation. Chapter five \ue2Characters\ue2 is on the roles in Chinese opera. Li Yu embedded character formation in the design of plot structure, without independent character theory. The chapter is limited to the relationship among the language of characters, character descriptions and roles. Chapter six \ue2Language\ue2 discusses the common features of opera languages: rhymes and scripts, including the characteristics of representatives in
Chinese operas and the standard the opera language should have. Chapter seven \ue2Rules of Tones and Rhymes\ue2 is divided as rhyme scheme and tone patterns with rhyme scheme as the main theme for discussion. The chapter also establishes the common principles of \ue2rule abiding\ue2 and proposed concrete suggestions on handling the rhymes and tones. Finally the thesis discusses Li Yu\ue2s theory of Chinese operas presentation in terms of scripts processing before performance, actor training and guiding and stage presentation. These concluded chapter eight \ue2Performance\ue2. It is hoped, through this thesis, to establish a specific theory structure of Li Yu\ue2s works on Chinese opera
Nien Chang
No full textNien Chang (January 28, 1915 – November 2, 2009) was a Chinese author who recounted her harrowing experiences of the Cultural Revolution in her memoir Life and Death in Shanghai.https://nsuworks.nova.edu/nsudigital_forums/1070/thumbnail.jp
The political role of the people's liberation army 1949-1973
Get PDFThis thesis is to study the political role of the People's Liberation Army from the approach of structure and function. The framework of the thesis consists of three major parts, first, the influence of Chinese traditional political culture on, and the formation of, the political role of the PL A; second, the influence of domestic political struggles and external military conflicts on the development of the political role of the PLA; and the third, the analysis of the transition of the PLA's political role from the structure and personnel arrangements of the CCPCC Within the above-mentioned three scopes, this thesis make a thorough discussion on the following: (1) The relationship between the structure of the PRC and the formation of the PLA's political role; (2) How has ideology influenced the army's political role; (3) What is Mao's viewpoint and his influence on the development of the army's political role; (4) What is the link between the army and the party, and how has this developed; (6) What accounts for the expansion of the PLA's political functions; (7) What is the influence of political factional struggles on the PLA's political role; (8) Is it political institution or military institution that controls the recruitment of the military elite; (9) What are the disparities between the military elite in handling international conflicts and what are their political considerations; (10) What is the Party's position in the army; (11) How have the Party’s important meetings and personnel arrangements influenced the rise and fall of the PLA's political role
An Economy-wide Analysis of Impacts of WTO Tiered Formula for Tariff Reduction on Taiwan
Get PDFIn this study we use Taiwan as a case study to provide an economy-wide analysis of impacts on Taiwan of WTO tariff reduction schemes with different combinations of thresholds and reduction rates. The model we utilized in this study is Taiwan General Equilibrium Model with a WTO module (TAIGEM-WTO, hereafter) that is a multi-sectoral computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of the Taiwan's economy derived from Australian ORANI model (Dixon, Parmenter, Sutton and Vincent, 1982). Simulation results show that results are more sensitive to the scheme of tariff-reduction (i.e., Category 1, 2, and 3) than the tiered levels (i.e., A, B, C, and D) and as a strategy we should pay more attention to the arguments related to the amounts of tariff-reduction. Moreover, changes in nominal average tariff rates are more sensitive and shocks to the economy are more severe when we change the tariff reduction categories rather than the tiered levels. This conclusion also applies to the tiered reduction case when only sensitive products are considered. Finally, simulations with sector's bound rate calculated using arithmetic means have bigger effects than those using import values as weights. Therefore, sector's bound rate using import values as weights would be preferred.Computable General Equilibrium (CGE), Tiered Formula, WTO, International Relations/Trade,
Cyclical Vomiting Syndrome in Children: Potential Role of Electroencephalogram in the Diagnostic Evaluation
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Bocavirus infection following paediatric liver transplantation
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Retrospective review of effectiveness and safety of intravenous ferric carboxymaltose given to children with iron deficiency anaemia in one UK tertiary centre
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