13 research outputs found
Automated Disease Classification of Colon and Gastric Histological Samples Based on Digital Microscopy and Advanced Image Analysis
No full textThe nature and theoretical limits of adjudicative formalism in contemporary Anglo-Saxon legal theory
No full textIn this essay, the author attempts to reveal the character and theoretical limits of judicial formalism. Formalism is a normative theory of adjudication which means that it provides determined answers to the question of how judges should decide legal cases. Judicial formalism is related to the view that legal reasoning is a special area of practical reasoning because legal reasoning should rely on reasons and arguments that stem from a limited domain of practical reasons: lawyers should justify legal decisions by relying on the reasons that originate in socalled source-based law. However, one of the tasks of legal theory is to solve the problem of judicial formalism which arises during legal practice. It can often occur that the decision, which follows clearly from the sourcebased law, is unjust or unfair if we take all relevant factors and the wider context of the case into consideration. The theoretical issue is whether judges are allowed to depart from the source-based law and if they are, in what type of cases can they do this. This essay tries to throw light on the theoretical conceptions within which the problem of formalism can be handled, for example, the theory of the nature of law or virtue jurisprudence
Certainty and uncertainty in criminal law and the ‘clarity of norms’ doctrine
No full textAbstract
The principle of legality includes numerous requirements which guarantee that criminal law and its application meet the demands of the rule of law and legal certainty. One of these requirements is maximum certainty according to which the rules of criminal law must be defined in a clear and precise way in order to make criminal law understandable and predictable for citizens. In the practice of the Hungarian Constitutional Court this requirement is called the ‘clarity of norms’ doctrine. However, the theoretical content of this doctrine is obscure and is also ambiguous in the practice of the Constitutional Court. It is also a problematic phenomenon in the Hungarian judicial practice that the principle of maximum certainty is treated as a mere linguistic issue. Judges try to solve criminal cases in which criminal laws are uncertain by searching for the meaning of words in dictionaries and do not tend to take into consideration moral or justificatory reasons behind the relevant criminal law. The Author throws light on the above mentioned problematic elements in the Hungarian legal practice and makes efforts to suggest a theoretical solution for these problems
A normák határozott megfogalmazásának problémája a büntetőjogban – A normavilágosság fogalma az Alkotmánybíróság döntéseiben és a bírói gyakorlatban
No full textThe principles of legality in criminal law determine numerous requirements both for the legislator creating criminal statutes and for judges as well who decide criminal cases. One of the most important demands of legality is the principle of maximum certainty according to which the state must establish a system of criminal law in which the wording of the statutes are clear, precise and understandable for the citizens; and judges are able to interpret criminal rules without making arbitrary decisions. In the Hungarian legal system the demands of maximum certainty are represented by the principle of nullum crimen sine lege. This principle is called the „clarity of norms” doctrine in the practice of the Constitutional Court of Hungary (HCC) which is entitled to strike down criminal statutes which do not meet its requirements. The aim of this paper is to argue for the claim that the „clarity of norms doctrine” and the concept of certainty in criminal law is based mostly on considerations about the plain meaning of words and texts and lack a coherent theoretical background in the decisions of the HCC and in judicial practice as well. The author offers a more complex and coherent conception of certainty stating that its requirements relate not only to linguistic considerations but also to thinking over the moral and political values of criminal law as well.Jelen írásban a jogelmélet e funkcióját a büntetőjogban és a büntetőjogi bírói érvelésben megjelenő probléma megvilágításán keresztül mutatom be. Hogy miért, azt magyarázhatja a következő, Montesquieu-től származó megfontolás: „Azok az ismeretek, amelyeket az ember egyes országokban szerzett és másokban szerezhet azokra a leghelyesebb szabályokra vonatkozólag, amelyeket a büntető igazságszolgáltatásban követni kell, az emberiséget a világ minden egyéb dolgánál jobban érdeklik.”
Ennek a különös érdeklődésnek több oka is lehet. A jogelmélet nézőpontjából azért tekinthető sajátosnak a büntetőjog, mert ez az a jogág, amely a legerősebbeszköz az állami hatalom kezében az emberek magatartásának irányítására, ezálta pedig az egyéni szabadság korlátozására, a kógens kötelezettségek teremtésére.A jogelmélet (és a politikai filozófia) egyik legfontosabb érdeklődési területe az állami autoritás és jogi kötelezettségteremtés fogalmi tisztázása, megalapozása, igazolása. A tételes jogágak közül a büntetőjog ehhez alapvető kiindulópontokat kínál.
Ez a tanulmány a büntetőjogban és még inkább a büntető ítélkezésben megjelenő elméleti problémával foglalkozik: az úgynevezett normavilágosság problémájával. Bár számos büntető ítélet és alkotmánybírósági határozat foglalkozik a normavilágosság kérdésével, mindazonáltal kevés az olyan munka, amely elméleti szempontból tisztázná, hogy a fogalom mit jelent, és milyen igazolási alapokkal lehet alkalmazni a magyar gyakorlatban. A következőkben e fogalom elemzését az Alkotmánybíróság ítéleteinek elemzése segítségével és néhány bírósági határozatban megjelenő indokolás vizsgálatával végzem el
Digital Slide and Virtual Microscopy-Based Routine and Telepathology Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Biopsy Specimen
No full textAutomated multichannel fluorescent whole slide imaging and its application for cytometry
No full textProliferation/apoptosis determination by tissue cytometry in gastrointestinal fresh frozen sections using triple labeling and automated scanning fluorescence microscopy
No full text
Technical note on the validation of a semi-automated image analysis software application for estrogen and progesterone receptor detection in breast cancer
No full textAbstract Background The immunohistochemical detection of estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors in breast cancer is routinely used for prognostic and predictive testing. Whole slide digitalization supported by dedicated software tools allows quantization of the image objects (e.g. cell membrane, nuclei) and an unbiased analysis of immunostaining results. Validation studies of image analysis applications for the detection of ER and PR in breast cancer specimens provided strong concordance between the pathologist's manual assessment of slides and scoring performed using different software applications. Methods The effectiveness of two connected semi-automated image analysis software (NuclearQuant v. 1.13 application for Pannoramic™ Viewer v. 1.14) for determination of ER and PR status in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded breast cancer specimens immunostained with the automated Leica Bond Max system was studied. First the detection algorithm was calibrated to the scores provided an independent assessors (pathologist), using selected areas from 38 small digital slides (created from 16 cases) containing a mean number of 195 cells. Each cell was manually marked and scored according to the Allred-system combining frequency and intensity scores. The performance of the calibrated algorithm was tested on 16 cases (14 invasive ductal carcinoma, 2 invasive lobular carcinoma) against the pathologist's manual scoring of digital slides. Results The detection was calibrated to 87 percent object detection agreement and almost perfect Total Score agreement (Cohen's kappa 0.859, quadratic weighted kappa 0.986) from slight or moderate agreement at the start of the study, using the un-calibrated algorithm. The performance of the application was tested against the pathologist's manual scoring of digital slides on 53 regions of interest of 16 ER and PR slides covering all positivity ranges, and the quadratic weighted kappa provided almost perfect agreement (κ = 0.981) among the two scoring schemes. Conclusions NuclearQuant v. 1.13 application for Pannoramic™ Viewer v. 1.14 software application proved to be a reliable image analysis tool for pathologists testing ER and PR status in breast cancer.</p
Fair use and file sharing in research and education
No full textThis work was inspired by the well-ventilated current problems around the use of digital file
sharing technologies and their promotion of infringement of copyright leading to the alleged
destruction of entertainment industries. Different legal systems have applied different
analyses to such problems, and there is no clear and coherent answer to the question of
whether file sharing, especially in the form of peer-to-peer (P2P), is legal. The particular
focus of this thesis flows from the realisation that litigation around file sharing has
uniformly explored it from the perspective of users downloading entertainment materials
such as music and videos. Comparatively little attention has been paid to whether research
and educational users have, or should have, rights to use the same digital file sharing
technologies to access copyright materials important to their work. If digital file sharing is
declared illegal by the courts at the behest of the entertainment industries, then what will
happen to research and educational users of these networks?To explore this key problem, this thesis focuses on how fair use doctrine, the most important
exception and limitation to copyright, has transferred from the traditional copyright
environment into the context of digital file sharing. By undertaking a study of relevant
legislation and cases, such as the well known Napster, Grokster and MP3.com, the “who”
issue, namely, who is the party entitled to benefit from a fair use defence will be highlighted.Having established that fair use as a defence operates ineffectively in the digital file sharing
environment, the thesis then looks at existing alternative or “fared” use models, and
particularly the disadvantages of “fared” use system in serving research and educational file
sharing. Finally the thesis turns to what is termed the “voluntary model”: a model in which
copyright owners make their works available to academic users for free, via an institutional
repository, the authors gaining non-pecuniary benefits while the commercial publisher being
cut out as a “middleman”. Although future work to develop the details of this approach
would be required, the thesis asserts this is a promising way towards ensuring access to
copyright works in research and education thus benefiting society, whilst at the same time
establishing fair compensation to authors for their efforts
