1,720,957 research outputs found
L'économie des accords commerciaux profonds : Trois essais en économie internationale
No full textThis thesis contributes to the study and understanding of preferential and regional trade agreements. The first chapter examines a specific provision establishing an investor-state dispute settlement mechanism. I show that this mechanism is effective, particularly for large firms and for riskier investment destinations. The second chapter focuses on the architecture of trade agreements and, more precisely, on a determinant that has been little studied so far: countries' trade exposure, both directly and indirectly through value chains.My results suggest that dependence on imports from another country leads to the signing of so-called deep trade agreements. However, the reverse mechanism is also at play, namely the signing of agreements with third-party countries to diversify the risk arising from trade dependence. These effects are particularly strong when the risk of trade disruption is high in the exporting country. The third chapter explores the gains and characteristics of deep trade agreements, with an application to the African continent. Using a general equilibrium model, I show that the welfare gain associated with the deepening of the African Continental Free Trade Area agreement could yield GDP gains of around 0.7%. Finally, using recent feature attribution methodologies, we show that provisions limiting trade defense mechanisms and, improving the enforceability of agreements, are important determinants for an agreement to be effective and considered 'Deep'.Cette thèse contribue à l'étude et à la compréhension des accords commerciaux préférentiels et régionaux. Le premier chapitre examine une disposition spécifique établissant un mécanisme de résolution des différends entre investisseurs et Etats. Je montre que ce mécanisme est efficace, et plus particulièrement pour les entreprises de grande taille et pour les destinations d'investissement les plus risquées. Le deuxième chapitre se concentre sur l'architecture des accords commerciaux et plus précisément sur un déterminant jusqu'alors peu étudié : l'exposition commerciale des pays de manière directe et indirecte via les chaînes de valeur. Mes résultats suggèrent que la dépendance aux importations vis-à-vis d'un autre pays donne lieu à la signature d'accords commerciaux dits profonds. Cependant, le mécanisme inverse est aussi à l'œuvre, c'est-à-dire la signature d'accords avec des pays tiers afin de diversifier le risque de dépendance commerciale. Ces résultats sont d'autant plus fort que le risque d'interruption du commerce est fort dans le pays exportateur. Le troisième chapitre explore les gains et les caractéristiques des accords commerciaux profonds, avec une application au continent africain. En utilisant un modèle d'équilibre général, je montre que le gain de bien-être associé à l'approfondissement de l'accord de libre échange continental africain permettrait un gain de PIB de l'ordre de 0,7%. Enfin avec des méthodologies récentes d'attribution de caractéristiques, nous montrons que des mesures limitant l'utilisation d'instruments de défense commerciale ainsi que des mesures améliorant la force exécutoire des accords sont des déterminants importants pour qu'un accord commercial soit efficace et considéré comme profond
L'économie des accords commerciaux profonds : Trois essais en économie internationale
No full textThis thesis contributes to the study and understanding of preferential and regional trade agreements. The first chapter examines a specific provision establishing an investor-state dispute settlement mechanism. I show that this mechanism is effective, particularly for large firms and for riskier investment destinations. The second chapter focuses on the architecture of trade agreements and, more precisely, on a determinant that has been little studied so far: countries' trade exposure, both directly and indirectly through value chains.My results suggest that dependence on imports from another country leads to the signing of so-called deep trade agreements. However, the reverse mechanism is also at play, namely the signing of agreements with third-party countries to diversify the risk arising from trade dependence. These effects are particularly strong when the risk of trade disruption is high in the exporting country. The third chapter explores the gains and characteristics of deep trade agreements, with an application to the African continent. Using a general equilibrium model, I show that the welfare gain associated with the deepening of the African Continental Free Trade Area agreement could yield GDP gains of around 0.7%. Finally, using recent feature attribution methodologies, we show that provisions limiting trade defense mechanisms and, improving the enforceability of agreements, are important determinants for an agreement to be effective and considered 'Deep'.Cette thèse contribue à l'étude et à la compréhension des accords commerciaux préférentiels et régionaux. Le premier chapitre examine une disposition spécifique établissant un mécanisme de résolution des différends entre investisseurs et Etats. Je montre que ce mécanisme est efficace, et plus particulièrement pour les entreprises de grande taille et pour les destinations d'investissement les plus risquées. Le deuxième chapitre se concentre sur l'architecture des accords commerciaux et plus précisément sur un déterminant jusqu'alors peu étudié : l'exposition commerciale des pays de manière directe et indirecte via les chaînes de valeur. Mes résultats suggèrent que la dépendance aux importations vis-à-vis d'un autre pays donne lieu à la signature d'accords commerciaux dits profonds. Cependant, le mécanisme inverse est aussi à l'œuvre, c'est-à-dire la signature d'accords avec des pays tiers afin de diversifier le risque de dépendance commerciale. Ces résultats sont d'autant plus fort que le risque d'interruption du commerce est fort dans le pays exportateur. Le troisième chapitre explore les gains et les caractéristiques des accords commerciaux profonds, avec une application au continent africain. En utilisant un modèle d'équilibre général, je montre que le gain de bien-être associé à l'approfondissement de l'accord de libre échange continental africain permettrait un gain de PIB de l'ordre de 0,7%. Enfin avec des méthodologies récentes d'attribution de caractéristiques, nous montrons que des mesures limitant l'utilisation d'instruments de défense commerciale ainsi que des mesures améliorant la force exécutoire des accords sont des déterminants importants pour qu'un accord commercial soit efficace et considéré comme profond
A Lockdown a Day Keeps the Doctor Away: The Effectiveness of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions during the Covid-19 Pandemic
No full textCountries have employed a variety of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) in order to curtail the Covid-19 pandemic. However, the success of individual measures in reducing the number of infections remains controversial. This paper exploits a panel data set of 182 countries to estimate the effects of 14 NPIs on the spread of the disease in 2020. The employed fixed effects estimation greatly reduces endogeneity concerns. While almost all measures had a dampening effect on the reproduction rate of the virus, public information campaigns and school closings were most effective, followed by testing policies and contact tracing. The obligation to wear face masks was more effective during the second wave. Other measures, in contrast, were less successful in the second half of 2020
A lockdown a day keeps the doctor away: The effectiveness of non-pharmaceutical interventions during the Covid-19 pandemic
No full textCountries have employed a variety of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) in order to curtail the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the success of individual measures in reducing the number of infections remains controversial. This paper exploits a panel data set of 107 countries to estimate the effects of 14 NPIs on the spread of the disease. While almost all measures had a dampening effect on the reproduction rate of the virus, public information campaigns and school closings were most effective, followed by testing policies, contact tracing and international travel restrictions. Public event cancellation and school closings were less effective during the second wave of the pandemic, while public information campaigns and the obligation to wear masks worked better. Several NPIs had a stronger impact on infections in autocratic countries, while others were less effective
The Role of Visa Provisions
No full textAn increasing number of regional
trade agreements contains provisions that ease access to
visas among member countries, which reduces the
administrative cost of crossing the border. Combining United
Nations data on bilateral stocks of immigrants in the period
1990-2020 with World Bank data on the content of 279
regional trade agreements, this paper presents robust
evidence of a positive effect of visa provisions in regional
trade agreements on bilateral migration: the presence of
visa provisions in regional trade agreements increases the
bilateral stock of immigrants by 5.9 percent. This result is
robust to an instrumental variable strategy addressing the
endogeneity problem. The effect of the inclusion of visa
provisions in regional trade agreements is particularly
effective among country pairs with different income levels
(such as North-South). For this type of country pairs, the
presence of visa provisions in regional trade agreements
increases the bilateral stock of immigrants by 13 percent.
Finally, the paper shows that the effectiveness of visa
provisions in regional trade agreements reduces with the
anti-immigration sentiment of voters in the destination
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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