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Struktur- und Anforderungswandel im Erwerbsleben von Sozial-, Erziehungs- und Pflegebeschäftigten und kollektive Interessenorganisation: eine exemplarisch-explorative Untersuchung
Get PDFDie als SAGE-Sektor zusammengefassten Berufe (Soziale Arbeit, Gesundheit und Erziehung) waren in den vergangenen 20 bis 30 Jahren einem rasanten Struktur- und Anforderungswandel unterworfen. Gekennzeichnet sind die Entwicklungen durch einen starken quantitativen Beschäftigungszuwachs, eine Flexibilisierung der Beschäftigungsverhältnisse und eine Steigerung der Arbeitsintensität. Zudem werfen sie die Frage nach dem System der Arbeitsbeziehungen im SAGE-Sektor auf: Inwiefern werden die Interessen der Beschäftigten, zu denen mehrheitlich Frauen gehören, in der Ausgestaltung der Arbeitsbedingungen berücksichtigt?
Der Forschungsstand zeigt, dass die Herausbildung eines funktionierenden Systems der Arbeitsbeziehungen im SAGE-Sektor erst am Anfang steht und noch eine Vielzahl von Herausforderungen überwunden werden müssen. Für die Beschäftigten und die Gewerkschaften stellt dies in mehrfacher Hinsicht Neuland dar. Dennoch kam es – trotz vielfältiger Barrieren und Widerstände – in den vergangenen Jahren bereits zunehmend zu einem kollektiven Interessenhandeln im Rahmen von Arbeitskämpfen seitens der Beschäftigten im SAGE-Sektor. Wobei diese gewerkschaftlichen Mobilisierungserfolge durch das Anknüpfen an gesellschaftliche Aufwertungsprozesse im SAGE-Sektor sowie durch neue gewerkschaftliche Strategien und ein konflikthaftes Erleben der Beschäftigten der Ökonomisierungsprozesse einerseits und der berufsethischen Ansprüche andererseits erklärt werden.
Der Forschungsstand rückt die subjektive Wahrnehmung für kollektives Interessenhandeln der Sozialarbeiter_innen und Sozialpädagog_innen, Pflegebeschäftigten und Erzieher_innen in den Vordergrund, deren empirische Untersuchung (Mix-Method) den Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit darstellt. Auf diesen Untersuchungsgegenstand werden gemäß der Forschungsheuristik dieser Arbeit die zentralen theoretischen Konzeptionen für kollektives Handeln angewendet und übertragen. Berücksichtigt werden dabei Aspekte der Rational Choice-Theorie nach Olson (1965), die Mobilisierungstheorie von Kelly (1998), der Framing-Ansatz nach Goffman (1974) sowie das Civic Voluntarism Modell von Verba, Schlozman und Brady (1995).
Die Befunde der Untersuchung zeigen, dass erhebliche Mobilisierungspotenziale für kollektives Interessenhandeln im SAGE-Sektor bestehen. Denn die Mehrheit der Beschäftigten ist von der Notwendigkeit dieses kollektiven Handelns überzeugt und wäre bereit, sich gewerkschaftlich zu organisieren. Zentrale Handlungsfelder für die gewerkschaftliche Mobilisierung stellen jedoch die Kommunikation und die Herstellung egalitärer Machtverhältnisse zwischen den Geschlechtern innerhalb der gewerkschaftlichen Entscheidungsstrukturen dar. Problematisch ist, dass die Mehrheit der Beschäftigten noch nie seitens der Gewerkschaften oder durch Kolleg_innen zu gewerkschaftlichen Themen angesprochen wurde und dass die zentrale Verantwortung für Verbesserungen der Arbeitsqualität bei dem Staat gesehen wird, sodass die Gewerkschaften de facto als kollektive Interessensakteur_innen im SAGE-Sektor kaum wahrgenommen werden.The professions in the social work, healthcare and early childhood education (SWHE) sector have undergone a rapid change in terms of structure and requirements in the last 20 to 30 years. These developments are characterised by a strong, quantitative rise in employment, greater flexibility in employment relationships and an increase in work intensity. They raise a question regarding the system of working relations in the SWHE sector. To what extent are the interests of workers – comprising women for the most part – considered in the arrangement of working conditions?
The current state of research shows that the emergence of a functioning system of working relations in the SWHE sector is still in an early stage and that a range of challenges need to be overcome. In many respects, this represents uncharted territory for the workers and unions. Despite the barriers and resistance, in recent years there has been increasing action in the collective interest within the context of labour disputes on the part of workers in the SWHE sector. The success in union mobilisation can be explained by the connection to societal gentrification processes in the SWHE sector as well as by new union strategies and conflictual experience on the part of workers between cost-cutting processes on the one hand and professional ethical standards on the other.
Research focuses on the subjective perception of collective action among social workers, social pedagogues, care workers and educators, whose empirical investigation (mix method) provides the subject of this paper. The research heuristic involves applying and transferring central theoretical concepts of collective action to the research subject. In this connection, the paper considers aspects of the Rational Choice Theory according to Olson (1965), the Mobilisation Theory by Kelly (1998), the Framing Approach according to Goffman (1974) as well as the Civil Voluntarism Model by Verba, Schlozman and Brady (1995).
The findings of the investigation show that significant mobilisation potential for collective action remains untouched in the SWHE sector. The majority of workers are convinced of the need for action in the collective interest and would be prepared to organise in union movements. Key areas of action for union mobilisation include communication and the establishment of egalitarian power relations between the genders within the union decision-making structures. The majority of workers have never been contacted by unions or colleagues on union issues. Moreover, the central responsibility for improving work quality is considered to lie with the state. In practice, the unions are scarcely perceived as representatives of collective interest in the SWHE sector
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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