2,222 research outputs found
A latent semantic analysis of gender stereotype-consistency and narrowness in American English
No full textA meta-analysis on the malleability of automatic gender stereotypes
No full textThis meta-analytic review examined the efficacy of interventions aimed at reducing automatic gender stereotypes. Such interventions included attentional distraction, salience of within-category heterogeneity, and stereotype suppression. A small but significant main effect (g?=?.32) suggests that these interventions are successful but that their scope is limited. The intervention main effect was moderated by publication status, sample nationality, and intervention type. The meta-analytic findings suggest several issues worthy of further investigation, such as whether (a) other categories of intervention not yet identified or tested could be more effective, (b) suppression necessarily produces ironic effects in automatic stereotyping, (c) various indirect measures are differentially sensitive to stereotype change, and (d) automatic stereotypes about men differ in their malleability from those about women.<br/
I feel good, therefore I am real: Testing the causal influence of mood on state authenticity
No full textAlthough the literature has focused on individual differences in authenticity, recent findings suggest that authenticity is sensitive to context; that is, it is also a state. We extended this perspective by examining whether incidental affect influences authenticity. In three experiments, participants felt more authentic when in a relatively positive than negative mood. The causal role of affect in authenticity was consistent across a diverse set of mood inductions, including explicit (Experiments 1 and 3) and implicit (Experiment 2) methods. The link between incidental affect and state authenticity was not moderated by ability to down-regulate negative affect (Experiments 1 and 3) nor was it explained by negative mood increasing private self-consciousness or decreasing access to the self system (Experiment 3). The results indicate that mood is used as information to assess one's sense of authenticity
How Does “Being Real” Feel? The Experience of State Authenticity
No full textObjectiveWe propose that the experience of state authenticity—the subjective sense of being one's true self—ought to be considered separately from trait authenticity as well as from prescriptions regarding what should make people feel authentic.MethodsIn Study 1 (N = 104), online participants rated the frequency of and motivation for experiences of authenticity and inauthenticity. Studies 2 (N = 268) and 3 (N = 93) asked (local or online, respectively) participants to describe their experiences of authenticity or inauthenticity. Participants in Studies 1 and 2 also completed measures of trait authenticity, and participants in Study 3 rated their experience with respect to several phenomenological dimensions.ResultsStudy 1 demonstrated that people are motivated to experience state authenticity and avoid inauthenticity and that such experiences are common, regardless of one's degree of trait authenticity. Coding of Study 2's narratives identified the emotions accompanying and needs fulfilled in each state. Trait authenticity generally did not qualify the nature of (in)authentic experiences. Study 3 corroborated the results of Study 2 and further revealed positive mood and nostalgia as consequences of reflecting on experiences of authenticity.ConclusionsWe discuss implications of these findings for conceptualizations of authenticity and the self
State authenticity in everyday life
No full textWe examined the components and situational correlates of state authenticity to clarify the construct’s meaning and improve understanding of authenticity’s attainment. In Study 1 we used the day reconstruction method (participants assessed real-life episodes from "yesterday") and in Study 2 a smartphone app (participants assessed real-life moments taking place "just now") to obtain situation-level ratings of participants’ sense of living authentically, self-alienation, acceptance of external influence, mood, anxiety, energy, ideal-self overlap, self-consciousness, self-esteem, flow, needs satisfaction, and motivation to be “real.” Both studies demonstrated that state authentic living does not require rejecting external influence and, further, accepting external influence is not necessarily associated with state self-alienation. In fact, situational acceptance of external influence was more often related to an increased, rather than decreased, sense of authenticity. Both studies also found state authentic living to be associated with greater, and state self-alienation with lesser: positive mood, energy, relaxation, ideal-self overlap, self-esteem, flow, and motivation for realness. Study 2 further revealed that situations prioritizing satisfaction of meaning/purpose in life were associated with increased authentic living and situations prioritizing pleasure/interest satisfaction were associated with decreased self-alienation. State authenticity is best characterized by two related yet independent components: authentic living and (absence of) self-alienation
State authenticity
No full textState authenticity is the sense that one is currently in alignment with one’s true or real self. We discuss state authenticity as seen by independent raters, describe its phenomenology, outline its triggers, consider its well-being and behavioral implications, and sketch out a cross-disciplinary research agenda
Repositioning the graphic designer as researcher
No full textIn academic terms, the discipline of graphic design is relatively young. Consequently the position of the discipline within academic territory, and the role of the designer, continue to be debated. In part, these debates have been a product of attempts to define and defend the discipline’s borders from within, in order to establish a sense of the role of graphic design and the graphic designer as commensurate with other disciplines both within and beyond art and design. In recent years graphic designers have variously been defined as ‘authors’, ‘producers’ and ‘readers’, yet none of these definitions seem to have provided any kind of productive or lasting impact within the academy. This paper suggests that rather than continue to seek territorial definitions and positions from within, it could be more productive to look beyond the confines of the discipline. Gaining a broader, interdisciplinary perspective on, and understanding of, qualitative research methods from other disciplines may enable the graphic designer to more fully position his or her practice within the wider academy. Such a perspective could help facilitate the repositioning and redefinition of the graphic designer as ‘researcher’ - a move that would be productive in relation to the future development of postgraduate research within the discipline
Different cognitive processes underlie human mate choices and mate preferences
No full textBased on undergraduates' self-reports of mate preferences for various traits and self-perceptions of their own levels on those traits, Buston and Emlen [Buston PM, Emlen ST (2003) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:8805–8810] concluded that modern human mate choices do not reflect predictions of tradeoffs from evolutionary theory but instead follow a “likes-attract” pattern, where people choose mates who match their self-perceptions. However, reported preferences need not correspond to actual mate choices, which are more relevant from an evolutionary perspective. In a study of 46 adults participating in a speed-dating event, we were largely able to replicate Buston and Emlen's self-report results in a pre-event questionnaire, but we found that the stated preferences did not predict actual choices made during the speed-dates. Instead, men chose women based on their physical attractiveness, whereas women, who were generally much more discriminating than men, chose men whose overall desirability as a mate matched the women's self-perceived physical attractiveness. Unlike the cognitive processes that Buston and Emlen inferred from self-reports, this pattern of results from actual mate choices is very much in line with the evolutionary predictions of parental investment theory
The Effects of Self-Regulation on State Authenticity
No full textSelf-regulation was tested for its direct and indirect effects on state authenticity. A between-subjects online study was conducted, whereby participants were asked to write a paragraph describing their morning routine within either a free-writing condition (low self-regulation) or without using the letters ‘a’ or ‘n’ (high self-regulation). State authenticity was subsequently assessed alongside potential mediators of self-esteem, positive and negative affect, public and private self-consciousness and autonomy. Trait authenticity and trait self-regulation were also assessed as potential moderators. The results indicated that self-regulation depleted levels of state authenticity, regardless of trait differences in authenticity or self-regulation. Mediational analysis did not elucidate the route of effect, however, in light of Deci & Ryan (1985) research, participants may not have internalized the goal of the task, which may have affected the indirect effect via the supposed mediators. The interaction between task success and self-esteem is also investigated. Overall, the data supports a dualistic conception of authenticity as having both state and trait indices (Fleeson & Wilt, 2010) and also supports previous research suggesting that consciously monitoring and regulating behaviour depletes one’s feelings of being ‘real’ (Hoshschild, 1983; Lenton, Bruder, et al. 2011), however explanatory routes require further exploration
Towards a model of distant healing
No full textThe studies presented in this dissertation examine distant healing using both
quantitative and qualitative methods. Distant healing purportedly works through
the mental intention of one living system affecting another at a distance. The
literature to date shows mixed results with regards to its efficacy and very little
examination of the experience of healers and healees who practice and receive
distant healing outside of research settings. This thesis aims to clarify some of the
gaps in the literature and to direct future investigations of distant healing through
the development of a more comprehensive model of distant healing.
To better understand the components that may contribute to distant healing,
the first study presented in this thesis is designed to understand the role that belief
and expectancy may have on outcomes in a trial of distant healing. Quantitative
approaches to the study of distant healing have yielded mixed results (Astin,
Harkness & Ernst, 2000), with some studies showing small positive effects of distant
healing and others no effect or a slight negative effect. This clinical trial utilized a
partially blind design to measure the impact of awareness of receiving distant
healing. Therefore, half of the participants were blind to their allocation condition,
while the other half were aware of their assignment to either the healing or no
healing condition. While no effect of distant healing was found overall, there was an
apparent effect of knowledge of allocation, with those aware they were receiving
healing reporting better outcomes than those aware that they were not receiving
healing (d = 0.76). This effect was not, however, significant in the analysis of
covariance, and thus should be interpreted with caution. In the future, studies with a
similar design and larger sample size should be pursued to confirm the effect of
expectancy on healing outcome.
The characteristics and perspectives of healers are largely ignored in the
available literature, and may aid in understanding the phenomenon of distant
healing. The primary goal of the second study was to investigate healer
characteristics (N = 130) in the areas of personality, spirituality, exceptional
experiences, boundaries and emotional intelligence. This was achieved using
questionnaire measures and comparisons with population norms where available.
Also included in the study was a series of open-ended questions that asked
participants to define and describe spiritual healing and healers. Thematic analysis
revealed that healers believed factors such as skill of the healer and healee receptivity to be especially important to the healing process. It was also recognized that healing
might not be appropriate in all situations. For example, healers report that it should
not be considered as a primary form of treatment for a broken leg and it may not be
as effective if the healee is in a negative and unsupportive environment.
Qualitative investigations of distant healing have been limited, with much of
the research focusing more broadly on spiritual healing or other alternative
approaches to healing. The third study investigated the experience of distant healing
as reported by healees with a strong cultural context of belief or acceptance in the
possible efficacy of mental healing. This study took place in Sri Lanka, and the
healees were recipients of distant healing from a Buddhist monk and healer, Bhante
Seelagawesi. Healees were interviewed about their experiences. Interpretive
phenomenological analysis (IPA) of interviewees’ accounts revealed participants’
attitudes towards traditional and modern approaches to healing, such that while
they showed an awareness and acceptance of the latter, they often preferred the
former. The experiences were overwhelmingly positive, however a number of
factors, in addition to distant healing, appeared to be therapeutic. There was a strong
community aspect to healing, and overall a theme of empowerment was evident.
Overall, these studies allow us to build a more complete and holistic model of
the distant healing phenomenon, which is presented in the final chapter. The studies
also fill in some of the gaps found in the current literature, particularly by utilizing a
mixed methods approach and focusing on both efficacy and also healer and healee
accounts
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