2,253,328 research outputs found
[Introduction to] Cooperation under Fire: Anglo- German Restraint During World War II
No full textWhy do nations cooperate even as they try to destroy each other? Jeffrey Legro explores this question in the context of World War II, the total war that in fact wasn\u27t. During the war, combatant states attempted to sustain agreements limiting the use of three forms of combat considered barbarous—submarine attacks against civilian ships, strategic bombing of civilian targets, and chemical warfare. Looking at how these restraints worked or failed to work between such fierce enemies as Hitler\u27s Third Reich and Churchill\u27s Britain, Legro offers a new understanding of the dynamics of World War II and the sources of international cooperation.
While traditional explanations of cooperation focus on the relations between actors, Cooperation under Fire examines what warring nations seek and why they seek it—the preference formation that undergirds international interaction. Scholars and statesmen debate whether it is the balance of power or the influence of international norms that most directly shapes foreign policy goals. Critically assessing both explanations, Legro argues that it was, rather, the organizational cultures of military bureaucracies—their beliefs and customs in waging war—that decided national priorities for limiting the use of force in World War II.
Drawing on documents from Germany, Britain, the United States, and the former Soviet Union, Legro provides a compelling account of how military cultures molded state preferences and affected the success of cooperation. In its clear and cogent analysis, this book has significant implications for the theory and practice of international relations.https://scholarship.richmond.edu/bookshelf/1263/thumbnail.jp
Emerging concepts about prenatal genesis, aberrant metabolism and treatment paradigms in polycystic ovary syndrome
No full textThe interactive nature of the 8th Annual Meeting of the Androgen Excess and PCOS Society Annual Meeting in Munich, Germany (AEPCOS 2010) and subsequent exchanges between speakers led to emerging concepts in PCOS regarding its genesis, metabolic dysfunction, and clinical treatment of inflammation, metabolic dysfunction, anovulation and hirsutism. Transition of care in congenital adrenal hyperplasia from pediatric to adult providers emerged as a potential model for care transition involving PCOS adolescents.Selma F. Witchel, Sergio E. Recabarren, Frank González, Evanthia Diamanti-Kandarakis, Kai I. Cheang, Antoni J. Duleba, Richard S. Legro, Roy Homburg, Renato Pasquali, Rogerio A. Lobo, Christos C. Zouboulis, Fahrettin Kelestimur, Franca Fruzzetti, Walter Futterweit, Robert J. Norman, David H. Abbot
RS Think7 RE-SEARCH System
No full textThis paper introduces the RS Thinking Systems, a dual-framework developed by SaadeAala RS, combining structured questioning (RS-Research) with conscious thinking (RS-Think7). Unlike traditional 5W1H models, RS-Research integrates a 7th pillar — Humanity — which acts as the ethical compass for all research and decision-making. The RS-Think7 framework provides seven reflective layers to ensure every conclusion is not just logical, but also emotional, ethical, and socially responsible. Together, these frameworks address the increasing need for conscience-based thinking in journalism, education, AI development, and innovation. Especially in the age of intelligent machines, where decisions may lack empathy, this model brings back the missing dimension of human-centered thought. This system is not just a method — it's a mindset. A new thinking ecosystem designed for the next generation of researchers, creators, and conscious innovators
RS Think7 RE-SEARCH System
No full textThis paper introduces the RS Thinking Systems, a dual-framework developed by SaadeAala RS, combining structured questioning (RS-Research) with conscious thinking (RS-Think7). Unlike traditional 5W1H models, RS-Research integrates a 7th pillar — Humanity — which acts as the ethical compass for all research and decision-making. The RS-Think7 framework provides seven reflective layers to ensure every conclusion is not just logical, but also emotional, ethical, and socially responsible. Together, these frameworks address the increasing need for conscience-based thinking in journalism, education, AI development, and innovation. Especially in the age of intelligent machines, where decisions may lack empathy, this model brings back the missing dimension of human-centered thought. This system is not just a method — it's a mindset. A new thinking ecosystem designed for the next generation of researchers, creators, and conscious innovators
The Androgen Excess and PCOS Society criteria for the polycystic ovary syndrome: the complete task force report
No full textObjectiveTo review all available data and recommend a definition for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) based on published peer-reviewed data, whether already in use or not, to guide clinical diagnosis and future research.DesignLiterature review and expert consensus.SettingProfessional society.PatientsNone.Intervention(s)None.Main outcome measure(s)A systematic review of the published peer-reviewed medical literature, by querying MEDLINE databases, to identify studies evaluating the epidemiology or phenotypic aspects of PCOS.Result(s)The Task Force drafted the initial report, following a consensus process via electronic communication, which was then reviewed and critiqued by the Androgen Excess and PCOS (AE-PCOS) Society AE-PCOS Board of Directors. No section was finalized until all members were satisfied with the contents, and minority opinions noted. Statements were not included that were not supported by peer-reviewed evidence.Conclusion(s)Based on the available data, it is the view of the AE-PCOS Society Task Force that PCOS should be defined by the presence of hyperandrogenism (clinical and/or biochemical), ovarian dysfunction (oligo-anovulation and/or polycystic ovaries), and the exclusion of related disorders. However, a minority considered the possibility that there may be forms of PCOS without overt evidence of hyperandrogenism, but recognized that more data are required before validating this supposition. Finally, the Task Force recognized and fully expects that the definition of this syndrome will evolve over time to incorporate new research findings.Ricardo Azziz, Enrico Carmina, Didier Dewailly, Evanthia Diamanti-Kandarakis, Héctor F. Escobar-Morreale, Walter Futterweit, Onno E. Janssen, Richard S. Legro, Robert J. Norman, Ann E. Taylor, and Selma F. Witchel (Task Force on the Phenotype of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome of The Androgen Excess and PCOS Society
Supernexus: The Power of Position in the New Global Architecture
No full textThe Ohio State University Mershon Center for International Security StudiesThe media can be accessed here: http://streaming.osu.edu/knowledgebank/mershon12/092812A.mp4Jeffrey W. Legro is vice provost for global affairs, professor of politics, and Randolph P. Compton Professor in the Miller Center at the University of Virginia. In 2011, he was a Fulbright-Nehru senior researcher at the Institute for Defense and Strategic Analyses in New Delhi.Mershon Center for International Security Studie
Criteria for defining polycystic ovary syndrome as a predominantly hyperandrogenic syndrome: An Androgen Excess Society guideline
No full textCopyright © 2006 by The Endocrine SocietyObjective: The Androgen Excess Society (AES) charged a task force to review all available data and recommend an evidence-based definition for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), whether already in use or not, to guide clinical diagnosis and future research. Participants: Participants included expert investigators in the field. Evidence: Based on a systematic review of the published peer-reviewed medical literature, by querying MEDLINE databases, we tried to identify studies evaluating the epidemiology or phenotypic aspects of PCOS. Consensus Process: The task force drafted the initial report, following a consensus process via electronic communication, which was then reviewed and critiqued by the AES Board of Directors. No section was finalized until all members were satisfied with the contents and minority opinions noted. Statements that were not supported by peer-reviewed evidence were not included. Conclusions: Based on the available data, it is the view of the AES Task Force on the Phenotype of PCOS that there should be acceptance of the original 1990 National Institutes of Health criteria with some modifications, taking into consideration the concerns expressed in the proceedings of the 2003 Rotterdam conference. A principal conclusion was that PCOS should be first considered a disorder of androgen excess or hyperandrogenism, although a minority considered the possibility that there may be forms of PCOS without overt evidence of hyperandrogenism but recognized that more data are required before validating this supposition. Finally, the task force recognized, and fully expects, that the definition of this syndrome will evolve over time to incorporate new research findings.Ricardo Azziz, Enrico Carmina, Didier Dewailly, Evanthia Diamanti-Kandarakis, Hector F. Escobar-Morreale, Walter Futterweit, Onno E. Janssen, Richard S. Legro, Robert J. Norman, Ann E. Taylor and Selma F. Witche
A origem geológica das formações de Torres - RS
No full textDescreve as formações rochosas em Torres – RS e como ocorreu sua gênese
Murray Legro: stories about the adoption experience in Australia
No full textThis story is part of the History of Adoption, a four-year national research project funded by the Australian Research Council, 2009-2012
[Chapter 1 from] Rethinking the World: Great Power Strategies and International Order
No full textStunning shifts in the worldviews of states mark the modern history of international affairs: how do societies think about—and rethink—international order and security? Japan\u27s opening, German conquest, American internationalism, Maoist independence, and Gorbachev\u27s new thinking molded international conflict and cooperation in their eras. How do we explain such momentous changes in foreign policy—and in other cases their equally surprising absence?
The nature of strategic ideas, Jeffrey W. Legro argues, played a critical and overlooked role in these transformations. Big changes in foreign policies are rare because it is difficult for individuals to overcome the inertia of entrenched national mentalities. Doing so depends on a particular nexus of policy expectations, national experience, and ready replacement ideas. In a sweeping comparative history, Legro explores the sources of strategy in the United States and Germany before and after the world wars, in Tokugawa Japan, and in the Soviet Union. He charts the likely future of American primacy and a rising China in the coming century.
Rethinking the World tells us when and why we can expect changes in the way states think about the world, why some ideas win out over others, and why some leaders succeed while others fail in redirecting grand strategy.https://scholarship.richmond.edu/bookshelf/1265/thumbnail.jp
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