1,721,402 research outputs found
Colonización y protesta campesina en Colombia (1850-1950)
Full text linkEl crecimiento económico no es un proceso unilinear generado exclusivamente por fuerzas objetivas como el comercio, los mercados o el crecimiento de la población. Es también un proceso social moldeado por los intereses a menudo conflictivos de las distintas clases sociales que participan en él. El asunto crucial en una sociedad agraria es el acceso a la tierra -es decir, la definición de los derechos de propiedad- y el control de la mano de obra. Lo que parece haber acontecido en América Latina después de 1850 es que la ampliación de los mercados de ultramar ofreció nuevas oportunidades económicas a las que respondieron al par los• terratenientes y los campesinos. El resultado fue una competencia en busca de tierra y trabajo. En algunas partes, los terratenientes lograron ampliar sus propiedades y constituir una clase laboral dependiente cuando desalojaron de sus tierras a los campesinos. En otras, estallaron luchas abiertas entre campesinos y terratenientes. Los modelos de tenencia de la tierra y los tipos de actividad económica que aparecen en una región dada reflejan el desenlace de estas luchas. El antagonismo básico entre campesinos y terratenientes no se ha resuelto en ninguna parte: a medida que sigue ampliándose la economía agrícola exportadora prosiguen los conflictos. En efecto, muchos conflictos contemporáneos representan a la vez una prolongación y una transformación de conflictos previos. Las modalidades de conflicto rural en los años de crecimiento de las exportaciones después de 1850 fueron afectadas por modelos prevalecientes de utilización de la tierra. En áreas donde la tierra estaba ya ocupada por densas poblaciones indígenas, las disputas surgían a raíz de la constitución de grandes fincas comerciales. Ya fueran estas las haciendas azucareras de Morelos, en México, o las fincas cafeteras establecidas en Guatemala y El Salvador, o las ganaderías ovinas creadas en Perú y Bolivia, los conflictos enfrentaban terratenientes deseosos de ampliar su propiedad privada contra comunidades indígenas campesinas resueltas a conservar sus tierras ancestrales4• Como lo indican los estudios de David Browning, Andrew Pearse y otros, los campesinos solían resultar perdedores. Algunos, desprovistos de todo, se veían reducidos a la condición de arrendatarios en sus antiguas parcelas, y otros, que conservaban un pedazo de tierra insuficiente para mantenerlos, se veían obligados a trabajar como asalariados a tiempo parcial para los terratenientes de la vecinda
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Testing for decreasing heterogeneity in a new time-varying frailty model
No full textFrailty models adjust for between-cluster variability in survival data by including a cluster-specific random factor, the frailty term, in the Cox model. The frailty term is assumed to be constant over time. This assumption is questionable in some particular settings, e.g., in cancer clinical trials on chronic myeloid leukaemia. We therefore relax the time-constant heterogeneity assumption and consider frailty models with a time-varying frailty term. Instead of working with hazard models, we rather model the log cumulative hazard function, making use of the mixed model framework, and introduce a time-varying random effect at that level. Simulations demonstrate that the proposed method has acceptable size and power to detect time-dependent clustering. The method is applied to data from a large-scale multicentre clinical trial in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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