1,720,954 research outputs found
A critical analysis of the human rights violations of detainees in South African police custody with specific reference to police brutality
No full textDissertation (LL.M.(Human Rights))--University of the Free State, 2019This study analyses the human rights violations of detainees in South African police custody. In so doing, the study focuses on police brutality. In explaining police brutality in custody, different scholars gave a common definition, namely that police brutality is the use of excessive force to cause physical, emotional, mental and deadly harm to a suspect held in custody. Police brutality is the legacy of apartheid from its formation as the Union of South Africa in 1910. The South African Police (SAP) then already adopted the features of a colonial military force, and members were socialized to use excessive force during arrest and to suspects held in custody.
A desk review was adopted to gather information from primary sources such as legal documents and secondary sources such as books, academic journals and newspaper articles on police brutality in holding cells. This process was guided by three research objectives: a) to explore the nature and causes of police brutality in South African holding cells; b) to examine the effects of police brutality in South African holding cells; c) to recommend remedial measures to mitigate police brutality in South African holding cells.
The findings of this study discovered that police brutality in custody is mostly caused by leadership failure and the non-reporting of cases of police brutality by the police administrators who are responsible for reporting these. In many cases, investigations favour the accused police officer. Police brutality is caused by ineffectual civil remedies. This means that if police officers are not held responsible for their brutality in holding cells they are more likely to persist with this behaviour. Passivity with regards to criminal prosecutions is another issue, as prosecutors often do not want to prosecute officers who usually help them with criminal cases.
In explaining victimisation in police custody, three learning theories are relevant. They are the social learning theory, the differential association theory, and the group socialisation theory. These state that police brutality in custody is learned through socialisation and integrating with other violent police officers. The study also makes use of the conflict theory and the routine activity theory to explain what motivates the violation of detainees’ rights in custody.
The study further examines the role of the Independent Police Investigative Directorate. In so doing, it analyses the IPID Act (1 of 2011) and its mandate and powers. Since its establishment, the number of cases of police brutality has decreased and more police officers have been held responsible for their misconduct. The study provides recommendations to help mitigate police brutality towards detainees in South Africa
Protecting the rights of children in conflict with the law in South Africa: the Law versus the Practice
No full textThesis (LL.D.(Laws in Constitutional Law and Philosophy))--University of the Free State, 2024This study examines the protection of children's rights in conflict with the law in South Africa, highlighting the discrepancies between legal provisions and practical implementation. It acknowledges that children, defined as individuals under 18, possess varying degrees of cognitive maturity and are often influenced by their environments, which may lead to unlawful behaviour. Despite constitutional guarantees and international standards aimed at safeguarding their rights, significant challenges remain in their treatment within Child and Youth Care Centres (CYCCs). The research explores historical contexts, the evolution of child justice policies, and the conditions faced by children in detention, emphasising the need for humane treatment and rehabilitation. It investigates the roles of various stakeholders, including Child and Youth Care Workers (CYCWs), in ensuring that children's rights are honoured and their developmental needs are met. Through a critical analysis of existing frameworks and practices, this study aims to identify gaps and propose recommendations for enhancing the protection and rehabilitation of children in conflict with the law, ultimately advocating for a more rights-based approach in the South African legal system.
South Africa's population includes a significant number of children, many of whom encounter the law. The Constitution emphasises children's rights, particularly those in conflict with the law, but implementation remains a challenge. Historical context highlights the transition from punitive measures to a focus on rehabilitation. Despite constitutional protections, many face inadequate treatment in detention settings.
CYCCs aim to rehabilitate children awaiting trial or sentencing but often fall short in providing safe environments. Issues include overcrowding and inadequate psychological support, leading to further rights violations. CYCWs play a crucial role in supporting the development of children in care. Their responsibilities include providing emotional and psychological support, but challenges persist in their training and resources. The key legislative frameworks safeguarding children’s rights include the Child Justice Act and the Children's Act, which align with international human rights standards. However, gaps exist between legislation and practice, leading to continued human rights violations
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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