1,720,975 research outputs found
The Small World of Ancient Chinese Characters
No full text近幾年來根據1967年Stanley Milgram的想法，D. J. Watts 和 H. S. Strogatz於 1998年所提出的小世界理論已成為一種方法可以用來驗證和對應相對簡單的網路系統下的特定抽象網路種類，例如網際網路、人際關係、神經系統、疾病轉移等等。然而儘管此理論成功地對應複雜系統的關係，此理論不全然能夠成功地預測對於任一擁有獨立(不連結)結點的複雜或簡單的系統，一個解決之道在於處理已知「可信賴性」的問題之上，此問題是著重於追蹤一個特殊的網路如何有效交換資訊和結點彼此如何分享資訊而產生連結。透過此種「效率性」的簡單量測，小世界網路兼具全域和區域的效率性。然而先不管這個新名詞「六度分離」新奇的隱喻意義，在最重要的觀點之下，小世界本身代表一個具體且能夠詮釋「加權重」和「非加權重」網路系統的網路活動模型。本論文所處理的系統為古代中國文字。我們處理甲骨文字與楚字的研究顯示出相對於小世界效率性的潛在文字結構的一般特性。藉著連結圖形的分析，小世界也能夠針對古代中國文字字根的實際組合和特性提供清晰的洞察。事實上，字根表連結矩陣的演化能夠幫助解釋文字本身的發展以及允許我們去建構出曾出現文字所可能隱含的性質。在比較了楚字(西元前481年到西元221年)和甲骨文字(西元前1200年到西元前1050年) ，其中共有355個字根被認為是相同的。藉著建構出字根的分享矩陣，去了解兩個共享高度的連結關聯性與相似的特性卻分別隸屬於不同的文字系統是有其重要性。
使用甲骨文字與楚字的字根表的連結矩陣，所建構出的字根網路能夠決定這些網路系統如何隨時間演化，並利用現行使用的模型去決定是否這些模型能夠對應出古代中國文字網路系統。利用非線性結點連結的權重與加入修正起始條件新模型的組合，我們能夠深入了解古代中國文字模型。為了論文的完整性與尊重口試委員的建議，作者之前發表一些關於渾沌系統與渾沌亂數產生器的論文表列於附錄G，這些論文並不直接與本論文相關。Abstract
In recent years, small world theory, as proposed by D. J. Watts and S. H. Strogatz in 1998 based on an idea of Stanley Milgram's in the 1967, has been used as a way to identify and map certain abstract classes of networks in relatively simple network-systems, such as the Internet, human relationships, neuronal systems, disease metastasis, and so on. However, despite its success in mapping the relationships which govern specific aspects of complex systems, it is not always able to successfully predict the behavior of either very complex systems or simple networks with isolated (i.e. disconnected) nodes. A solution to what is known as the reliability problem can be found by tracking how efficiently a particular network exchanges information and how linked vertices share such information. Through this simple measure of efficiency, small world networks can be seen as both globally and locally efficient. Thus, putting aside its provocative metaphorical meaning as represented by the coinage six degrees of separation, small world, in its most important sense, represents a concrete model of network activity capable of explaining both weighted and unweighted networks. This work tackles one such system: ancient Chinese characters. Our study of Chu characters and Oracle bone inscriptions demonstrates that the underlying general principle of their construction corresponding to small world efficiency. By relying on the analysis of a connection graph, small world also offers important insights into the general characteristics and real combination of the roots of ancient Chinese characters. In fact, the evolution of the connection matrix of the root table helps explain the development of the characters themselves and allows us to construct the probable features of characters that have been discovered. Comparing Chu characters (circa 481 B.C. - 221 A.C.) with Oracle bone inscriptions systems (circa 1200 --1050 B.C.), the three hundred fifty five of these roots have been found to be identical. By constructing a shared root matrix it is important to see that the two different character systems enjoy a high degree of correlation with similar embedded properties.
By employing a connective matrix based on root tables for Chu and Oracle bones, root networks have been constructed to determine how such network system evolved over time, and the extant models have also been used to determine whether or not these models correspond to ancient Chinese networks. By combining the nonlinear weight of degree of nodes and with the use of a new model of modifying initial conditions, we can achieve a comprehensive model of ancient Chinese characters. For completeness and in pursuance with a suggestion from the thesis committee, a publication list of the author's previous work on chaotic systems and random number generators which is not directly related to this thesis is also included as Appendix G.1.Introduction 1
1.1 Static Networks 1
1.1.1 Watts-Strogatz model 1
1.1.2 Efficiency method 4
1.2 Dynamic Networks 6
1.2.1 Barabási and Albert model 6
1.2.2 Algebraic Preferential Attachment 10
1.2.3 Degree of Distribution Using a Master Equation 13
1.3 Ancient Chinese Characters 15
2. Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Chu Characters (Networks)17
2.1 Introduction to Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Chu Characters 17
2.2 The Embedded Property of Small World 18
2.3 The Correlation between Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Chu Characters 23
2.4 Oracle Bone Inscriptions From Hua Yuan Zhuang, East of the Yin Ruins 31
3.Empirical Modeling of the Root Networks of Ancient Chinese Characters 35
3.1 Root Model Based on Ancient Chinese Characters 35
3.2 Empirical Modeling of the Root Networks 39
3.3 Discussion and Results 43
4. Conclusion 49
4.1 Summary 49
4.2 Possible Improvements of Algorithms 50
Appendix A Root Table of Oracle Bone Inscriptions 57
Appendix B Root Table of Chu Characters 68
Appendix C Map table of Chu Characters and Oracle Bone Inscriptions 75
Appendix D The New Characters of Oracle Bone Inscriptions From Hua Yuan Zhuang, East of the Yin Ruins 82
Appendix E The Selected Characters of Oracle Bone Inscriptions From Hua Yuan Zhuang For Analyzing Zipf's Law 84
Appendix F A Complete Graph Representing Oracle Bone and Chu Roots 85
Appendix G The published papers 8
Utilizing Digital Surface Model for Evaluating the Quality of a Satellite Surveying
No full text衛星定位相關技術已發展數十年，最早是以軍事用途為主要目的，用以提供精確的定位及定時能力，而除了用於精密的定位測量外，用於交通工具上之導航及其他民生工業之產品也相當普及。此外，不同的衛星定位系統亦相繼發展中，未來地面之覆蓋率將大幅增加，並使這項技術之可靠度及應用性更進一步提昇。衛星定位測量目的在於求得地面點位之精確的三維位置，而衛星的可視性以及空間分佈是影響定位品質的關鍵因素，因此測量前的點位預先規劃與衛星可視條件分析變得相當重要。現有測量規劃軟體之中多數僅模擬平面地形或以設定遮罩角之方式進行定位品質預測，並無法真實反應現地的地形遮蔽效應。考量近年來空間資訊技術不斷快速發展，高品質的地形資訊變得愈來愈容易取得，因此本研究將利用高精度之數值地形模型來評估模擬地形效應及真實之衛星定位品質。使用高解析度地形資訊時，為增加地形資料之分析效率，本研究提出一項自適應取樣之演算方法，透過合理的取樣間隔，在滿足預先設定的分析精度條件下，使分析速度大幅增進。另外，由於衛星軌道必然包含不確定性，而傳統方法中將衛星位置視為常數，並沒考慮其精度，而本研究則採用非固定約制平差模型，推導考量衛星坐標之精度之定位品質計算方法，以使得精度評估成果更為合理可靠。為驗證本研究所提出方法之可靠度及效能，本研究使用高精度數值地表模型進行衛星測量規劃與實測作業，在實驗區中比較模擬分析與真實測得之衛星可視性，實驗成果顯示本研究之方法能正確地預估現地的施測時衛星可視條件，對於提升衛星定位品質評估的可靠度將有具體助益。In these decades, satellite positioning is becoming a very important technique applied in our daily life. The basic principal of this technique is to determine a receiver’s location using range observations between satellites and the receiver. Therefore, the intervisibility between satellites and receivers is one of the most critical factors to the positioning quality. Typically, satellite positioning with a low obstruction will be more accurate and is thus preferred. The positioning quality can be pre-analyzed by identifying all visible satellites to a specific receiver. However, the topographic consideration in conventional planning software is usually neglected or simplified as a mask angle. Consequently, the results predicted by conventional software will not be realistic since detailed topographic data is not involved.ostered by the rapid development of spatial information technique, three-dimensional topographic information (e.g. Digital Terrain Model and Digital Surface Model) of a higher quality is becoming accessible to the public. This study aims to develop a satellite visibility and quality assessment technique utilizing high resolution 3-D topographic information. An adaptive sampling and analysis technique is proposed to increase the computational efficiency while processing topographic data of various grid resolutions. Additionally, a unified least squares approach is introduced to model the uncertainties of satellite orbits. Simulation tests and a GPS field work have been conducted to demonstrate the performance and capability of this approach. The results reveal a significant improvement on the reliability for the quality estimation of a satellite surveying. Consequently, the proposed approach will benefit the applications in which a pre-analysis of the positioning quality is of a major concern in a satellite surveying (e.g. a GPS filed planning or network design).1. Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Motivations and Objectives 3.3 Related Research 6.4 Thesis Organization 11. Satellite Orbit Calculation 12.1 Description of Satellite Orbits 12.1.1 Normal Orbit Theory 12.1.2 Almanac and Ephemeris files 14.2 Computation of Satellite Orbits 18.3 Obstruction Effects Due to Terrain Variations 22. Satellite Visibility Analysis Using Digital Topographic Information 26.1 Digital Topographic Models 26.2 Coordinate Transformation between Projected and Global Cartesian Coordinate systems 29.3 Obstruction Line Analysis 34.4 Adaptive Topographic Analysis Algorithm 38.4.1 Characteristics of Predicted Satellite Orbits 38.4.2 Adaptive Sampling Algorithm 39.4.3 Test of the Adaptive Algorithm 43. Positioning Quality Assessment 47.1 Conventional Models for Assessing GNSS Positioning Quality 47.1.1 Single point positioning model 47.1.2 Double-Difference model 52.2 The Quality Estimation with Orbital Uncertainties 56.2.1 Single point positioning with Orbital Uncertainties 56.2.2 Double difference positioning with orbital uncertainties 60.3 Test of Proposed Quality Assessment Models 63.3.1 Performance Test of Different Least-squares Models 63.3.2 Reliability Test of Unified Least-squares Model 70.4 Accuracy Estimation with Topographic Consideration 73. Case Study 76.1 Case Description 76.2 Visibility Analysis and Quality Assessment on Test Sites 78.3 Verification by GPS field Surveying 81. Conclusions and Future Works 86.1 Conclusions 86.2 Future Works 87eferences 89ppendix 91. Rotation Matrices 91. Unified Least-squares Model Derivation 9
Multifunctional Nanocomposite of Upconversion Nanoparticle with Different Morphology of Gold Nanoparticles
No full text上轉換奈米粒子(UCNPs)為一可吸收多顆近紅外光激發光子並轉換為可見光波段光子之發光材料，此特性使其於生醫領域具高度應用潛力。目前上轉換奈米粒子相關之研究可分為直接利用其放光特性應用於生物標記，或者間接轉換釋放之光能於分子檢測及癌症治療之領域，於癌症治療領域主要為結合光敏劑進行光動力療法，利用活性氧物質以致使腫瘤癌細胞死亡。除光動力療法外，上轉換奈米粒子於光熱治療部分之研究仍具許多應用潛力。本研究所合成之多功能奈米複合材料為結合上轉換奈米粒子與不同形貌之金奈米粒子，利用金奈米粒子於特定入射光波長之具表面電漿共振之性質，並透過表面電漿共振所吸收之光能轉換為熱能，搭配具多重放光特性之上轉換奈米粒子提供光能來源以產生熱能致使細胞死亡。本研究利用厚度3 ± 0.5 nm之二氧化矽殼層包覆於大小為19 ± 1.1 nm之上轉換奈米粒子表面，並修飾胺基於以連接大小為3.6 ± 1.11 nm之球狀金奈米粒子(UCNP@SiO2-AuNPs)或徑長比為2.5之棒狀金奈米粒子(UCNP@SiO2-AuNRs)，探討不同形貌之金奈米粒子於此複合材料之光熱轉換效率差異。於細胞毒性測試中，本研究所合成之奈米複合材料即便於250 μg/mL高濃度下，對於口腔癌細胞依然具相當低之毒性，可驗證其為低毒性之奈米材料。於光熱治療實驗中，UCNP@SiO2-AuNRs組別相較於UCNP@SiO2-AuNPs及其餘對照組，細胞死亡之數目與範圍皆明顯提升，顯示棒狀金奈米粒子具較強之光熱治療效果。本研究所製備之奈米複合材料，克服傳統金奈米粒子於生物標記之限制，並結合上轉換奈米粒子之螢光成像與金奈米粒子之光熱轉換特性，成功製備具多功能之奈米複合材料。Upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) refer to a highly potent nanomaterial for bioassay and bioimage because it can convert two or more low energy photons to a high energy photon. We demonstrate a nanocomposite consisting of UCNPs and gold nanoparticles as a multifunctional nanomaterial to apply in biomedical application. Noble metallic nanoparticles such as gold nanoparticle have a unique optical property because of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Furthermore NaYF4:Yb/Er upconversion nanoparticles emit the photoluminescence from green-to-red which can provide gold nanoparticles inducing photothermal effect. We further used silica coated UCNPs to functionalize amino groups on silica shell to combine 3.5 nm gold nanoparticles (UCNP@SiO2-AuNPs) or gold nanorods (UCNP@SiO2-AuNRs). The size of UCNPs and UCNP@SiO2 are define as 19 ± 1.1 nm and 26 ± 0.5 nm by HRTEM, respectively, and the silica shell is 3 ± 0.5 nm. According to the result of photoluminescence spectra, the intensity of UCNP@SiO2-AuNRs is lower than UCNP@SiO2-AuNPs and this confirm highly energy transfer from UCNP to gold nanorods. In vitro cytotoxicity study, this nanocomposites is nontoxicty to oral cancer cell through the MTT assay even the concentration of nanocomposites approaching 250 μg/mL. The photothermal effect of UCNP@SiO2-AuNRs is demonstrated by irradiating a 980 nm laser and staining with trypan blue, there is huge cell death compare to UCNP@SiO2-AuNPs. In summary, we successfully develop nanocomposites based on UCNPs which reveal obviously photothermal effect and cell imaging to overcome non-fluorescent material like gold nanorods as nanocarriers in biological application.口試委員會審定書 I
誌謝 II
摘要 III
Abstract IV
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 奈米材料之定義與特性 1
1.1.1 表面效應 3
1.1.2 小尺寸效應 3
1.1.2.1 磁力性質 3
1.1.2.2 光學性質 4
1.1.2.3 熱力學性質 4
1.1.3 量子尺寸效應 4
1.2 金奈米粒子之簡介 5
1.2.1 表面電漿共振之簡介 5
1.2.1.1 表面電漿傳遞(Surface plasmon propagation) 6
1.2.1.2 侷域性表面電漿共振(Localized surface plasmon resonance) 6
1.2.2 光熱治療(Photothermal therapy; PTT) 8
1.3 上轉換奈米粒子之簡介 10
1.3.1 上轉換奈米粒子之組成 12
1.3.1.1 主體材料(Host) 13
1.3.1.2 活化劑(Activator) 14
1.3.1.3 敏化劑(Sensitizer) 14
1.3.2 上轉換奈米粒子發光之機制 15
1.3.2.1 激發態吸收(Excited state absorption; ESA) 15
1.3.2.2 能量轉移上轉換(Energy transfer upconversion; ETU) 16
1.3.2.3 光子雪崩(Photon avalanche; PA) 16
1.4 文獻回顧 17
1.5 研究動機與目的 19
第二章 實驗方法與儀器原理 22
2.1 化學藥品 22
2.2 實驗步驟 23
2.2.1 上轉換奈米粒子之製備 23
2.2.2 球狀奈米金粒子之製備 24
2.2.3 棒狀金奈米粒子之製備 24
2.2.4 製備以甲殼素修飾之奈米複合材料 25
2.2.5 製備以二氧化矽修飾之奈米複合材料 26
2.2.6 細胞毒性之測試 26
2.2.7 光熱治療之測試 26
2.3 儀器原理 27
2.3.1 穿透式電子顯微鏡(Transmission electron microscope; TEM) 27
2.3.2 X光能量散布光譜(Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrum; EDS) 29
2.3.3 X光粉末繞射(X-ray powder diffraction; XRD) 31
2.3.4 紫外光/可見光吸收光譜(UV/Vis absorption spectrum) 33
2.3.4.1 σ、π或n電子之吸收 34
2.3.4.2 d、f軌域電子之吸收 35
2.3.4.3 分子電荷轉移之吸收 35
2.3.5 光激發放光光譜(photoluminescence spectrum; PL) 36
2.3.5.1 振動鬆弛(Vibration relaxation) 37
2.3.5.2 內部轉移(Internal conversion) 37
2.3.5.3 螢光(Fluorescence) 37
2.3.5.4 系統跨躍(Intersystem crossing) 38
2.3.5.5 磷光(Phosphorescence) 38
2.3.5.6 外部轉移(External conversion) 38
2.3.6 紅外光振動光譜(Infrared spectrum; IR) 39
2.3.7 雷射掃描共軛聚焦顯微鏡(Laser scanning confocal microscopy) 40
第三章 結果與討論 43
3.1 上轉換奈米粒子之合成與鑑定 43
3.1.1 上轉換奈米粒子之XRD圖譜 44
3.1.2 上轉換奈米粒子之TEM影像 45
3.1.3 上轉換奈米粒子之PL光譜 46
3.2 金奈米粒子之合成與鑑定 47
3.2.1 球狀金奈米粒子之UV/Vis吸收光譜 47
3.2.2 棒狀金奈米粒子之成長機制 48
3.2.3 棒狀金奈米粒子之UV/Vis吸收光譜 49
3.2.4 棒狀金奈米粒子之TEM影像 51
3.3 奈米複合材料之合成與鑑定 51
3.3.1 以甲殼素修飾奈米複合材料之合成與鑑定 52
3.3.1.1 以甲殼素修飾奈米複合材料之TEM影像 54
3.3.1.2 以甲殼素修飾奈米複合材料之特性放光圖譜 55
3.3.2 以二氧化矽修飾奈米複合材料之合成與鑑定 57
3.3.2.1 以二氧化矽修飾奈米複合材料之TEM影像 58
3.3.2.2 以二氧化矽修飾奈米複合材料之PL光譜 61
3.4 奈米複合材料於生物應用之結果與討論 63
3.4.1 細胞毒性之測試 64
3.4.2 共軛聚焦顯微鏡之螢光成像 65
3.4.3 光熱治療於Cal 27細胞之測試 66
第四章 結論 69
參考文獻 7
Evidence of the correlation between positive Lyapunov exponents and good chaotic random number sequences
No full text
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
- …
