1,720,959 research outputs found
Combined oral contraception and the risk of reproductive organs cancer in women
Get PDFCOCs (combined oral contraceptives) remain the most widely used effective and reversible means of family planning. Their beneficial effects are well documented, but many questions are still raised concerning a possible association between the use of COCs and the development of cancer. The authors provide a broad and up-to-date review of the literature regarding the relation between COC use and carcinogenesis in reproductive organs. Studies have not unequivocally confirmed that such a relation exists with regard to breast cancer. Much research has been focused on the COCs usage and its positive connection with the incidence of cervical cancer; most of it was done by J. Smith. This author confirmed the existence of a weak relation between COCs and the development of cervical carcinoma, especially in women using COCs for longer periods. Ovarian carcinoma has the worst prognosis of all cancers of reproductive organs in women. Nonetheless, the risk of developing ovarian cancer in women using COCs is at least 40% smaller than in other women; the degree of protection given by COCs being proportional to the duration of use of this form of contraception. Scientific data proved convincingly that the risk of endometrial cancer is smaller in COCs users than in women who never took COCs
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Czy antykoncepcja hormonalna może być czynnikiem sprzyjającym zwiększeniu masy ciała u kobiet?
Get PDFOverweight and obesity could depends on several factors. Overfeeding and the deficit of
physical activities leads to positive energy balance and increase of body mass. Some of
the doctors and their patients blame hormonal contraceptives for the body mass increase. Concern about body weight gain, in many cases is the reason given by patients for early
discontinuation of this method.
In the view of this review of the modern scientific literature it is rather impossible to blame the
use of hormonal contraception for the body mass gain. On the basis of the studied publications
there was no relation between use of hormonal contraception and weight gain. Observed
weight gain in women using hormonal contraception was most probably related rather
to time-passing (patients were getting older). The increase of body weight among women using
hormonal contraception is mostly related to age-associated body mass increase an is similar
to the body mass increase in women not using this method of contraception.
The injectable contraception in the form of depo medroxyprogesteron acetate is the only
contraceptive method which may lead to the increase of body mass.
But regardless to this statement it is wise to ask patients on hormonal contraception to control
their energy intake and to increase their physical activities. (Forum Zaburzen Metabolicznych
2011, vol. 2, no 1, 27–33)Nadwaga i otyłość mogą być spowodowane wieloma czynnikami. W każdym jednak przypadku
nadmierne dostarczanie pożywienia, przy niskiej aktywności fizycznej, prowadzi do
dodatniego bilansu energetycznego i przyrostu masy ciała. Niektórzy pacjenci i lekarze
dopatrują się przyczyny nadmiernego przyrostu masy ciała w stosowaniu antykoncepcji
hormonalnej.
Większość badaczy uważa, że obserwowany przyrost masy ciała u kobiet stosujących
antykoncepcję hormonalną jest porównywalny z przyrostem masy ciała kobiet niestosujących
antykoncepcji hormonalnej i wynika raczej z obniżającej się (wraz z wiekiem) podstawowej
przemiany materii i starzenia się organizmu.
Na podstawie przeglądu aktualnego piśmiennictwa nie można dojść do wniosku, aby stosowanie
antykoncepcji hormonalnej we wszystkich jej postaciach mogło prowadzić do
przyrostu masy ciała. Na podstawie badań wiadomo, że jedynie stosowanie zastrzyków
antykoncepcyjnych (octan medroksyprogesteronu w formie depot) może w istotny sposób
wpływać na zwiększenie masy ciała kobiet stosujących tę metodę.
Jednak uważa się, że każdej pacjentce, niezależnie od stanu odżywienia (BMI), przy zalecaniu
stosowania antykoncepcji hormonalnej należałoby zwrócić uwagę na potrzebę przestrzegania
właściwej, zbilansowanej diety oraz zwiększenie aktywności fizycznej. (Forum
Zaburzeń Metabolicznych 2011, tom 2, nr 1, 27–33
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Hormonal (levonorgestrel) emergency contraception – effectiveness and mechanism of action
Get PDFAbstract Periodic abstinence and coitus interruptus are the most popular methods of contraception in Poland. Recent studies have provided us with evidence that the so-called “menstrual calendar” may be much less effective than it was believed. In these circumstances, promotion and use of safe and truly effective contraceptives is very important for Polish women. Emergency contraception (EC) is a method which could be used even in cases when other contraception methods have failed. Mechanism of action of levonorgestrel used for EC and possible disturbances in the process of implantation of the blastocyst in the endometrium, remain the source of heated discussion among medical professionals. The latest publications provide us with evidence that the use of levonorgestrel in EC neither alters endometrial receptivity nor impedes implantation. Hormonal EC effectiveness is another hot topic of gynecological endocrinology and statistics. There is, however, no better, safer, and more ethically accepted method of preventing unwanted pregnancy for patients in need of postcoital contraception
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