1,721,057 research outputs found
Prospective associations between later eating rhythm and obesity in school-age children from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)
No full textPurpose: Later eating rhythm (LER), termed night eating in adult studies, refers to a later timing, greater energy intake (EI), and higher meal frequency in children in the evening. The role of eating later in obesity development is emerging, but most evidence is cross-sectional, considers just one feature of LER and is rarely studied in children. Therefore, we investigated associations of LER at age 7 with adiposity over 2 years of follow-up. Methods: A total of 4029 children aged 7 years with complete 3-day food diaries from the ongoing UK birth cohort (ALSPAC) were included. Diaries recorded the exact time of, and energy consumed in each eating occasion (EO). An individual EO was separated by the unique time of food intake. Bedtime was parent-reported via questionnaire. “Last mealtime” was the time of the last reported EO; “Eating before bedtime” was the percentage of total energy intake (%TEI) consumed within 2 hours before bedtime; “Eating frequency” was the counts of EOs for 5pm-12am; all variables were averaged over 3 days. Outcomes (body mass index (BMI); overweight/obesity) were assessed at 9 years. Multiple linear and logistic regression was used for estimating the association between LER and each outcome. Interaction analysis was used to assess gender differences. Adjustment was made for age, gender, ethnicity, parental education, maternal age, TV watching and parental late eating. Results: Average last mealtime was 7.10pm (SD 56mins), boys ate 6.0 mins (SE 1.8 mins) later than girls (p=0.001). Children consumed 17.2% (SD 11.9%) of TEI before bedtime with no gender differences (p=0.858). Average eating frequency was 2.3 (SD 0.9) EOs, 2.4 in boys vs. 2.2 in girls (pConclusions: We observed that the timing and EI, but not frequency, of later eating occasions was prospectively associated with obesity in children. Therefore, LER should be considered when developing dietary guidelines in children
Causal effects of later-eating rhythm on adiposity in children through the comparison of two cohorts in the UK and China: a cross-cohort study
No full textBackground: later-eating rhythm (LER) refers to a later timing, greater energy intake, and higher meal frequency in the evening. The role of childhood LER in obesity development is emerging, but most evidence is cross-sectional. Cross-context comparison allows the improvement of causal inference in observational studies by comparing cohorts with different confounding structures. This method is applied to assess the causal effects of LER on adiposity, by exploring the likelihood of residual confounding due to socioeconomic status.Methods: in this cross-cohort analysis, we used ongoing birth cohort data from the UK Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) established in 1991, and the nationally representative China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS) collected in 1989–2011. Children with available data at age 7 years were eligible. We applied indices of inequality for assessing confounding structure by regressing LER/adiposity on the standardised score of socioeconomic status (SES) in each cohort. We used multivariable linear and binary logistic regressions to model cross-sectional and prospective associations between LER at 7 years of age and body-mass index (BMI) at ages 7 and 9 years in both cohorts. Analyses were adjusted by age, sex, ethnicity, residency, and socioeconomic status. We used a p value for the Cochrane Q-test obtained from meta-analysis to test for heterogeneity between cohorts.Findings: we analysed data from 4019 children (2170 [54·0%] female; 1849 [46.0%] male) in ALSPAC and 1749 (788 [45·1%] female; 961 [54.9%] male) in CHNS. The associations between SES and LER or adiposity differed between ALSPAC and CHNS (SES and energy intake for evening main meal: b=1·81 [95% CI 0·81 to 2·81] vs –3·02 [–4·76 to –1·27]; SES and frequency of evening snacks: odds ratio [OR]=0·51 [95% CI 0·41–0·63] vs 5·71 [3·54–9·22]; SES and BMI: b=–0·42 [–0·65 to –0·18] vs 1·29 [0·75 to 1·84]). Positive associations between frequency of evening snacks and BMI were seen in both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses in both cohorts (mean change of BMI with 1 day increase of consuming evening snacks b=0·09 [0·02 to 0·15]; 0·13 [0·03 to 0·22] kg/m2 per day in ALSPAC, and b=0·11 [–0·07 to 0·28]; 0·30 [0·07 to 0·52] kg/m2 per day in CHNS). No associations were found for energy intake. p values for heterogeneity ranged from 0·107 to 0·932.Interpretation: both cohorts showed consistent results despite varied dietary cultures and SES patterning of LER or adiposity. Energy intake in the evening or night was not associated with adiposity, whereas evening snacking was. More recent, high-quality cohorts are warranted to enhance the strength of the conclusions.Funding: none
Prospective association between later eating and obesity in school-age children from the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS)
No full textPurpose: Eating later in the day (dinner and evening snacks) may have a role in the development of obesity. However, most studies are cross-sectional and rarely focus on children in Eastern countries. Therefore, we investigated associations between dinner/evening snacks intake and later obesity in a nationally representative Chinese sample.Methods: A total of 1292 children participating in the ongoing open cohort (CHNS) from 1997 to 2011, with complete 24-hour dietary recall for three consecutive days at 7-8 years and anthropometric data over 2-4 years of follow-up, were included. Dietary recalls recorded food names and size (grams) for each meal or snack consumed. Chinese food composition tables were used to capture energy intake (kcal). “Dinner/evening snack size” was the percentage of total energy intake (%TEI) for dinner or evening snack. “Dinner/evening snack frequency” was the total number of dinners or evening snack over 3 days (0-3 dinners, 0-3 evening snacks). Outcomes (body mass index (BMI); overweight/obesity) were assessed at 10.5 years. Multiple linear and logistic regression was used for estimating the association between later eating and each outcome. Interaction analysis was used to assess gender differences. Adjustment was made for age, gender, residency, parental education, maternal age, physical activity, maternal BMI, snack frequency, TEI and baseline BMI.Results: Children had 36.0% (SD 9.4%) and 2.1% (SD 5.8%) of TEI for dinner and evening snacks respectively. Average dinner frequency was 3.0 (SD 0.2) times over 3 days, and 98% of children ate dinner every day; average evening snack frequency was 0.3 (SD 0.8) times over 3 days, only 6% of children ate evening snacks on all 3 days, 10% ate them once or twice, and 84% did not have any. Having evening snacks was associated with higher outcomes (BMI: b (95%CI) =0.50 (0.18 0.83) kg/m2 per time/3 days; overweight/obesity: OR (95%CI) =1.74 (1.19 2.55) per time/3 days). No other associations or interactions were found.Conclusions: We observed that consuming evening snacks, but not dinner, were prospectively associated with obesity. Therefore, it is worth considering later eating behaviours in preventing obesity in children in Eastern countries
The impact of later eating rhythm on childhood adiposity: protocol for a systematic review
Full text linkBackgroundChildhood adiposity has increased dramatically in the last few decades and is an important predictor of adulthood chronic disease. Later eating rhythm, termed night eating (NE), is increasingly prevalent in adults; however, the prevalence of NE in children and relationship between NE and adiposity in children still remains uncertain. The aim of this work is to review the association between adiposity in children and adolescents and NE, in terms of calorie intake, timing and meal frequency in the evening/night.MethodsThe Cochrane library, CINAHL, Embase, MEDLINE (via OVID) and Web of Science databases will be searched from inception to November 2019 for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies (cohort, cross-sectional and case-control studies) which investigate the association between later vs. earlier timing of food intake at night or relatively more vs. less energy intake in any eating occasions or time period after 4 pm on adiposity in children and adolescents (4–18 years). The outcomes will be body mass index (BMI)/BMI standard deviation score (BMI-SDS or BMI Z-score), waist circumference (WC), fat mass index (FMI)/percentage of body fat (%BF) or waist to hip ratio (WHR). No language restriction will be applied. Screening for eligibility from the title and abstracts and data extraction from the full texts will be carried out by two reviewers independently. References listed in the included studies will be hand-searched for any additional articles. The quality of included RCT studies will be assessed using Revised Cochrane Risk of Bias tool (RoB 2), and of observational studies using Newcastle Ottawa scale. A qualitative synthesis of the results will be presented, and meta-analysis will be conducted, where appropriate.DiscussionThe planned systematic review will investigate the association between later eating rhythm and adiposity in children and adolescents. Understanding the best meal size, timing of energy intake and meal frequency across the evening time for maintaining healthy weight in children is important in order to give parents the best advice to help prevent adulthood obesity and associated chronic diseases in their children.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO CRD42019134187
The association between later eating rhythm and adiposity in children and adolescents:a systematic review and meta-analysis
Full text linkContextChildhood adiposity, an important predictor of adult chronic disease, has been rising dramatically. Later eating rhythm, termed night eating (NE), is increasing in adults, but rarely studied in younger ages.ObjectiveTo review the association between later eating rhythm and adiposity in children and adolescents, in terms of energy intake (EI) (EI for evening main meal, evening snack, whole evening period and around bedtime); timing (any food eaten at later timing); and meal frequency (evening main meal skipping, evening snack consumption) in the evening/night. Data Sources and Data ExtractionFive databases were searched; data extraction and quality assessment were conducted by two reviewers independently.ResultsForty-seven studies were included, all of which were observational. Meta-analysis showed positive associations between both higher energy intake around bedtime (odds ratio (OR) 1.19, 95%CI 1.06, 1.33) and evening main meal skipping (OR 1.30, 95%CI 1.14, 1.48), and adiposity. There was very weak evidence to suggest that consuming evening snacks reduced adiposity (OR 0.80, 95%CI 0.62, 1.05). No association was seen with eating later (OR 1.04, 95%CI 0.68, 1.61). In the narrative analysis, around half of studies suggested no association between later eating rhythm and adiposity as a whole or within exposure subsets.ConclusionsThe magnitude of the relationship between later eating rhythm and adiposity is very small and results may vary according to different aspects of later eating rhythm, however, the evidence is of very low certainty. Further research with a more consistent definition of ‘later timing’ and longitudinal studies in different populations are very likely to have an important impact on our confidence in the estimate of effect, and may change the results.Systematic Review RegistrationPROSPERO registration number CRD42019134187<br/
Gender differences in body mass index in rural India are determined by socio-economic factors and lifestyle
No full textA survey of the nutritional status of women in 6 villages of the Pune district of Maharashtra, India, found young women to have a significantly lower BMI than their male peers. The purpose of this study was to identify social and economic factors associated with this difference in thinness and to explore the behavior in men and women that might underlie these associations. We compared men and women in 90 families in this part of Maharashtra by taking measurements of the height and weight of the married couple of child-bearing age in each family and assessing their social and economic details, fasting practices, and oil consumption. In this agricultural community, women were thinner in joint land-owning families, where the main occupation was farming, than those in nonfarming families. This was not true of men in this type of family. Men in "cash-rich" families had higher BMI than men in families without this characteristic. There was no corresponding difference in women's BMI. We then examined the lifestyles of men and women in a subset of 45 of these families. Women were more likely to work full time in farming than men, to carry the burden of all household chores, to have less sleep, and to eat less food away from home than men. Women fasted more frequently and more strictly than men. Despite identifying significant differences in behavior between men and women in the same household, we did not find a direct link between behavior and BMI. We conclude that being married into a farming family is an important factor in determining the thinness of a woman in rural Maharashtra
Leary, Sam
No full textSee entry in Autauga County volume 2, page 16: http://digital.archives.alabama.gov/digital/collection/voter1867/id/1
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
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