107 research outputs found
Replication Data for: LAWS IN CONFLICT: Legacies of War, Gender, and Legal Pluralism in Chechnya
No full textHow do legacies of conflict affect choices between state and nonstate legal institutions? This article studies this question in Chechnya, where state law coexists with Sharia and customary law. The author focuses on the effect of conflict-induced disruption of gender hierarchies, because nonstate legal orders are explicitly discriminatory against women. The author finds that women in Chechnya are more likely to rely on state law than men and that this gender gap in legal preferences and behavior is especially large in more-victimized communities. The author infers from this that the conflict created the conditions for women in Chechnya to pursue their interests through state law—albeit not without resistance. Women’s legal mobilization has generated a backlash from the Chechen government, which has attempted to reinstate a patriarchal order. The article concludes that such conflict may induce legal mobilization among the weak and that gender might become a central cleavage during state-building processes in postconflict environments
Replication Data for: LAWS IN CONFLICT: Legacies of War, Gender, and Legal Pluralism in Chechnya
No full textHow do legacies of conflict affect choices between state and nonstate legal institutions? This article studies this question in Chechnya, where state law coexists with Sharia and customary law. The author focuses on the effect of conflict-induced disruption of gender hierarchies, because nonstate legal orders are explicitly discriminatory against women. The author finds that women in Chechnya are more likely to rely on state law than men and that this gender gap in legal preferences and behavior is especially large in more-victimized communities. The author infers from this that the conflict created the conditions for women in Chechnya to pursue their interests through state law—albeit not without resistance. Women’s legal mobilization has generated a backlash from the Chechen government, which has attempted to reinstate a patriarchal order. The article concludes that such conflict may induce legal mobilization among the weak and that gender might become a central cleavage during state-building processes in postconflict environments
Brother or Burden: An Experiment on Reducing Prejudice Toward Syrian Refugees in Turkey
No full textCan emphasis on shared religion reduce out-group prejudice? To explore this ques- tion, we conducted a survey experiment on the effect of religious primes on Turkish citizens’ attitudes and behavior toward Syrian refugees in Istanbul and Gaziantep. We used a factorial design to compare the independent and interactive effects of primes emphasizing refugees’ Sunni or Muslim identity and a factual statement on the eco- nomic cost of the refugees. We find that religious primes increase respondents’ level of donations to a charity supporting Syrian refugees and certain attitudinal measures of support for the refugees. We also uncovered a differential impact among the Sunni and Muslim primes and found that the statement of economic cost removed the pro-refugee effect of religious primes
Brother or Burden: An Experiment on Reducing Prejudice Toward Syrian Refugees in Turkey
No full textCan emphasis on shared religion reduce out-group prejudice? To explore this ques- tion, we conducted a survey experiment on the effect of religious primes on Turkish citizens’ attitudes and behavior toward Syrian refugees in Istanbul and Gaziantep. We used a factorial design to compare the independent and interactive effects of primes emphasizing refugees’ Sunni or Muslim identity and a factual statement on the eco- nomic cost of the refugees. We find that religious primes increase respondents’ level of donations to a charity supporting Syrian refugees and certain attitudinal measures of support for the refugees. We also uncovered a differential impact among the Sunni and Muslim primes and found that the statement of economic cost removed the pro-refugee effect of religious primes
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Laws in Conflict: Legacies of War and Legal Pluralism in Chechnya
No full textThis dissertation explores how the social and political consequences of armed conflict affect legal pluralism; specifically, the coexistence of Russian state law, Sharia, and customary law in Chechnya. The study draws on qualitative and quantitative data gathered during seven months of fieldwork in Chechnya. The data include over one hundred semistructured interviews with legal authorities and religious and traditional leaders; an original survey of the population; and a novel dataset of all civil and criminal cases heard in state courts.
First, the dissertation argues that armed conflict disrupted traditional social hierarchies in Chechnya, which paved the way for state penetration into Chechen society. The conflict particularly disrupted gender hierarchies. As a result of the highly gendered nature of the conflict, women in Chechnya became breadwinners in their families and gained experience in serving important social roles, most notably as interlocutors between communities and different armed groups. This change in women’s bargaining power within households and increase in their social status came into conflict with the patriarchal social order, which was based on men’s rigid interpretations of religious and customary norms. In response, women started utilizing the state legal system, a system that at least formally acknowledges gender equality, in contrast to customary law and Sharia. State law is corrupt, inefficient, slow, and its use is associated with community and family ostracism. Nevertheless, this dissertation shows that many Chechen women use and support state law.
Second, the dissertation establishes that the political context of the conflict moderates the effect of war on legal pluralism. The penetration of state law through disruption of social hierarchies is driven by the Second Chechen War (1999-2009). In contrast, communities that were exposed to violence during the First Chechen War (1994-1996) ultimately rejected Russian state law and rely predominantly on Sharia and customary law. In these communities, the structural effects of disrupted hierarchies were overpowered by alienation from the Russian state. The study explains this discrepancy by showing how communities victimized during the First War developed strong collective identities that filtered blame for the war.
Third, the dissertation shows that war-induced female empowerment in Chechnya faced a strong backlash from the Chechen government. The most notorious manifestations of the neotraditionalist policies of the Chechen government are the semiformal introduction of polygamy, support for the practice of honor killings, and a restrictive female dress code. Furthermore, the officials in charge of state law actively disrupt its functioning in gendered cases. The study finds that state officials in Chechnya are less supportive of state law than the average Chechen. This is the result of the incorporation of former rebels into the government, which is a structural legacy of the conflict. In addition, the dissertation argues that the Chechen regional government promotes legal pluralism and undermines state law strategically, as part of its coalition-building effort. The government allows men to keep control over their families, relying on custom and religion in exchange for their political loyalty.
Finally, the dissertation suggests that government promotion of legal pluralism is a political strategy that has several objectives: (1) it allows the government to borrow legitimacy from tradition and religion, which both have large appeal among the Chechen population; (2) it increases the government’s discretion and allows it to cherry-pick norms across alternative orders while avoiding regulations embedded in them; and (3) it gives the regional government additional leverage vis-à-vis the federal center by signaling to the Kremlin that it cannot rule Chechnya directly and that its local intermediaries are indispensable. Overall, the dissertation shows that legal pluralism is not just a reflection of ‘political culture’ or ‘weak state capacity,’ but rather is an inherently political phenomenon, an arena for the pursuit of interests by the government and individuals alike
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State-building as lawfare ::custom, Sharia, and state law in postwar Chechnya /
No full textState-Building as Lawfare explores the use of state and non-state legal systems by both politicians and ordinary people in postwar Chechnya. The book addresses two interrelated puzzles: why do local rulers tolerate and even promote non-state legal systems at the expense of state law, and why do some members of repressed ethnic minorities choose to resolve their everyday disputes using state legal systems instead of non-state alternatives? The book documents how the rulers of Chechnya promote and reinvent customary law and Sharia in order to borrow legitimacy from tradition and religion, increase autonomy from the metropole, and accommodate communal authorities and former rebels. At the same time, the book shows how prolonged armed conflict disrupted the traditional social hierarchies and pushed some Chechen women to use state law, spurring state formation from below
Brother or Burden: An Experiment on Reducing Prejudice Toward Syrian Refugees in Turkey—ERRATUM
No full textThe economic consequences of political alienation: Ethnic minority status and investment behavior in a post-conflict society
No full textElectron emission from H-terminated diamond enhanced by polypyrrole grafting
No full textElectron emission plays an important role in diverse applications, from cold cathodes to chemical processes (solvated electrons, water purification), energy generation (thermionic or dye-sensitized solar cells), and even cancer treatment. Here we show that by surface treatment using electrochemically grown polypyrrole the secondary-electron emission and photoelectron emission from boron-doped diamond is enhanced even above the intensity of electron emission from the hydrogen-terminated surface with negative electron affinity. This enhancement is stable in air for at least one month and it persists also in vacuum after thermal annealing. Scanning electron microscopy, Kelvin probe force microscopy, total photoelectron yield spectroscopy as well as surface mapping by Auger and secondary ion mass spectroscopies are used to characterize and correlate the surface electronic and chemical properties. A model of the electron emission enhancement is provided. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Theworkhasbeensupportedby the projects CAAS(CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000778), CEITEC Nanothorn (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001728) and Solid21 (CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_019/0000760). We acknowledge also CzechNanoLab Research Infrastructure supported by MEYS CR (LM2018110). Kind support from JSPS is gratefully appreciated (BR, DT).Ukraintsev, E (corresponding author), Czech Tech Univ, Fac Elect Engn, Tech 2, Prague 6 16627, Czech Republic.
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Corrigendum to isolation and phylogenetic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 variants collected in Russia during the COVID-19 outbreak [Int. J. Infect. Dis. 99 (2020) 40-46] (International Journal of Infectious Diseases (2020) 99(40-46) (S120197122030566X), (10.1016/j.ijid.2020.07.024))
No full textThe authors regret that the affiliation for Egor Prokhortchoukd was incorrect. This has now been corrected as above. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused. © 2020 The Author(s
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