1,720,965 research outputs found
Études quantitatives de la transmission des maladies infectieuses en population en utilisant des séquences génétiques de pathogènes et des données épidémiologiques individuelles
No full textAmong the methods for the quantitative study of infectious diseases transmission in host populations, molecular epidemiology that reconstructs pathogen phylogenies by using pathogen genetic sequences and mathematical modelling of infectious diseases that fits mechanistic models of disease transmission to epidemiological data such as case counts are of particular interest to epidemiologists. These two approaches rely on different data sources whose availability depends on the setting. They also rely on different concepts and models leading to complementary pictures of disease transmission. The main objective of this thesis is to better understand how viral infectious diseases such as rabies and COVID-19 circulate in host populations using respectively geolocated and timestamped viral genetic sequences and detailed epidemiological data at the individual level. The first part of this thesis focuses on rabies, a neglected tropical zoonosis, that is estimated to cause 59,000 human deaths per year mostly among rural and poor populations in Africa and Asia. Its causing agent, rabies virus (RABV), mainly circulates in domestic dog populations. Despite being a vaccine-preventable disease in both humans and dogs, rabies remains poorly studied and its circulation in dogs poorly understood. First, we reviewed from the literature all mathematical models and molecular epidemiology studies on dog rabies circulation to synthesize the contribution of both approaches to the understanding of rabies dynamics in dogs. Then, we described RABV spread in Cambodia, one of the most affected countries worldwide, using RABV genomes isolated from dogs and Bayesian continuous phylogeography methods. We used Cambodia as a model of endemic circulation of RABV and exemplified how phylogeography can help characterize circulation in such context. We found that introductions from foreign countries are not necessary to sustain transmission in Cambodia. However, these results are conditional on the sampling of the RABV genomes. To further understand how sampling affects Bayesian phylogeography methods, we performed a simulation study where we evaluated the performances of three Bayesian discrete phylogeography algorithms under increasing levels of bias, and tested whether alternative sampling strategies, and integration of incidence data improve the performances of the algorithms under biased sampling conditions. The second part of this thesis concentrates on SARS-CoV-2 transmission at one of the smallest population scale, households. This setting is particularly suitable to detailed follow-up of household members after introduction of a case, and thus, enables to evaluate how susceptibility and infectivity vary between individuals. First, we estimated BNT162b2 vaccine effectiveness against infection and against transmission if infected during the Alpha wave in Israel using a mathematical model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in partially vaccinated households. We further explored how model misspecification in a context of differing contact patterns between adults and children would impact estimates of relative infectivity and susceptibility of children compared to adults. Overall, this thesis explores how molecular epidemiology and modelling contribute to the understanding of infectious diseases transmission at the population level and highlights the need for data integration.Parmi les méthodes pour l'étude quantitative de la transmission des maladies infectieuses dans les populations, les épidémiologistes ont récemment focalisé leur attention sur l'épidémiologie moléculaire qui vise à reconstruire la phylogénie des pathogènes en utilisant leurs séquences génétiques, et la modélisation mathématique des maladies infectieuses qui ajuste des modèles mécanistes de transmission des maladies à des données épidémiologiques telles que le nombre de cas. Ces deux approches se basent sur des données très différentes dont la disponibilité varie selon le contexte. Les concepts et les modèles qu'elles utilisent permettent d'explorer des facettes différentes de la transmission des maladies. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est de mieux comprendre comment les maladies virales comme la rage et la covid-19 circulent dans les populations hôtes en utilisant pour la première des séquences génétiques virales datées et géolocalisées, et pour la deuxième, des données épidémiologiques à l'échelle individuelle. La première partie de cette thèse s'intéresse à la rage, une zoonose tropicale négligée, responsable d'environ 59,000 morts chaque année principalement dans les populations pauvres et rurales d'Afrique et d'Asie. Son agent étiologique, le virus de la rage (RABV), circule principalement dans les populations canines domestiques dont les modes de transmission restent peu étudiés et mal compris malgré l'existence de vaccins efficaces chez l'homme et l'animal. Nous avons tout d'abord synthétisé dans une revue de la littérature l'apport relatif des modèles mathématiques et de l'épidémiologie moléculaire dans la compréhension des dynamiques de la rage chez le chien. Puis, nous avons décrit la circulation endémique de la rage au Cambodge, un des pays les plus affectés, à partir de génomes de la rage isolés chez le chien et analysés avec des méthodes de phylogéographie Bayésienne continue. Nous avons montré que les introductions depuis d'autres pays ne sont pas nécessaires au maintien de la circulation. Toutefois, ces résultats sont conditionnés par l'échantillonnage des génomes. Pour mieux comprendre leurs impacts sur les méthodes de phylogéographie Bayésienne, nous avons entrepris une étude de simulation dans laquelle nous avons comparé les performances de trois algorithmes de phylogéographie discrète face à un échantillonnage plus ou moins biaisé. Nous avons testé des stratégies d'échantillonnage alternatives et intégré des données épidémiologiques afin d'atténuer l'effet potentiel des biais d'échantillonnage sur la performance des trois algorithmes. La deuxième partie de la thèse se concentre sur la transmission du SARS-CoV-2 dans une des plus petites populations, les ménages. Cette configuration est particulièrement adaptée au suivi détaillé de l'ensemble des membres du foyer après l'introduction d'un cas et permet ainsi d'évaluer comment la susceptibilité et l'infectivité varient au niveau individuel. Dans un premier temps, nous avons estimé l'effectivité vaccinale contre l'infection et la transmission si infecté pendant la vague de variant Alpha en Israël grâce à un modèle de transmission dans des ménages partiellement vaccinés. Nous avons ensuite exploré comment l'hétérogénéité de contact dans les ménages, notamment entre les adultes et les enfants, impacte les estimations de l'infectivité et de la susceptibilité relatives des enfants par rapport aux adultes. En conclusion, cette thèse explore les contributions de l'épidémiologie moléculaire et de la modélisation pour la compréhension de la transmission des maladies infectieuses à différentes échelles de population et souligne la nécessité d'intégrer les données génétiques et épidémiologiques
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
- …
