13,001 research outputs found
Personality, values, amoral familism, sociability and political attitudes differently predict political participation
No full text"Following Tocqueville, Agulhon and Putnam, political participation through associations is thought be the cornerstone of social capital development. Banfield has pointed out that, especially in Italy, amoral familism – a notion close to nepotism - is an obstacle to the formation of associations and to the growth of social capital. In this study we tested a hypothesis about the role of personality, values, familism, sociability and attitudes as predictors of civic and political engagement.
Methods: 405 participants, approximately equally distributed across the north, center and south of Italy completed survey on political participation which also included the big five (BFI), values (PVQ 40), egalitarianism, authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, sociability and political attitudes (expertise, interest, self-efficacy), plus new scales assessing amoral familism and beliefs in a free society. Different regression models were constructed to discover the best predictors of political participation, then structural equation modeling was used to test a causal model.
Results: Hierarchical regression analyses showed that the effects of traits and values, familism and proxies for ideology were not significant after controlling for political attitudes. Demographic variables were controlled for. A structural model with associative sociability and political interest as exogenous variables and political sociability, self-efficacy and participation as endogenous variables showed a good fit to the data.
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that amoral familism, values and ideology have a minimal role as predictors of political participation; however we extended the work of Foschi and Lauriola (2014) by showing that political attitudes and sociability played a major role.
Integrating political attitudes and cognitive style in a model of right wing radicalism
No full textResearch showed that multi-factorial models of ideology which include existential, epistemic and relational motives not only account for political orientation but also highlight its core aspects (Jost, Federico & Napier, 2009; Schwartz, Caprara, & Vecchione, 2010). Recently, Montuori (2005) argued that reasoning according to a “logic of disjunction that creates binary opposition that cannot be reconciled” exacerbates what is termed the “totalitarian mindset” (p. 26). In this study we examined this hypothesis by testing a model in which a disjunctive binary logic mediates political attitudes and proxies for right-wing radicalism.
Methods: 425 participants completed a survey on political orientation which included measures of social dominance orientation and right wing authoritarianism. Personal values, egalitarianism, and beliefs in a free society were also assessed as they are motives typically associated with ideology. Lastly, we assessed disjunctive logic based on a scale derived from a comprehensive study of ambiguity intolerance markers (Lauriola, Foschi, Mosca, & Weller, 2014).
Results: A structural equation model in which beliefs in free society, egalitarianism and traditionalism predicted right-wing radicalism was tested with or without interposing a disjunctive logic factor. This factor increased the proportion of variance in right-wing radicalism explained and the mediation model had a good fit with the data.
Conclusion: Our findings show that a cognitive style characterized by disjunctive logic played a major role in predicting behaviors associated with right-wing radicalism, thus extending previously published literature which has focused on core aspects of political orientation (Jost, et al. 2003; Montuori, 2005; Napier & Jost, 2008)
"Experimental Manipulation of Intolerance Uncertainty: Effects on Behavior and Decision Making"
No full textGiudizio di probabilità e decisione in condizione di ambiguità: prescrizioni normative e descrizioni dei processi cognitivi
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Emotion regulation and risk taking: Predicting risky choice in deliberative decision making
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121500.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)Only very recently has research demonstrated that experimentally induced emotion regulation strategies (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression) affect risky choice (e.g., Heilman et al., 2010). However, it is unknown whether this effect also operates via habitual use of emotion regulation strategies in risky choice involving deliberative decision making. We investigated the role of habitual use of emotion regulation strategies in risky choice using the "cold" deliberative version of the Columbia Card Task (CCT; Figner et al., 2009). Fifty-three participants completed the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ; Gross & John, 2003) and - one month later - the CCT and the PANAS. Greater habitual cognitive reappraisal use was related to increased risk taking, accompanied by decreased sensitivity to changes in probability and loss amount. Greater habitual expressive suppression use was related to decreased risk taking. The results show that habitual use of reappraisal and suppression strategies predict risk taking when decisions involve predominantly cognitive-deliberative processes.9 p
Biopsychosocial correlates of adjustment to cancer during chemotherapy. The key role of health-related quality of Llife
No full textBackground. Patients adjust to cancer in a continuous process that follows the course of the disease. Previous research has considered several illness-related variables and demographics, quality of life, personality, and social factors as predictors of adjustment to cancer, which can be maladaptive (e.g., helplessness-hopelessness and anxious preoccupation) or adaptive (e.g., fighting spirit). Aims. Assuming a biopsychosocial view, we test an empirical model in which disease stage, patient's age, and gender are viewed as the distal antecedents of positive and negative adjustment to cancer for chemotherapy patients. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) has a key role, interposing between the distal antecedents and adaptational outcomes. Social support and positive thinking are also included in the model as related to adjustment. Methods. One-hundred-sixty-two consecutive cancer patients receiving adjuvant or standard chemotherapy participated in the study. Patients completed the Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer, the Brief-COPE, the Social Provision Scale, and the SF-12 Health Survey. Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was applied for model building and hypotheses testing. Results. We found a negative association between advanced stage and physical functioning, a strong positive link between physical functioning and mental health, and significant relations between mental health and helpless-hopelessness, anxious preoccupation, and cognitive avoidance. Social support and positive thinking were related to fighting spirit and fatalism. Cancer stage and female gender were indirectly associated with adaptational outcomes through HRQoL. The patient's age had no significant relationships in the model. Discussion. HRQoL (both physical and mental) is a key factor for preventing maladjustment in chemotherapy patients. Social support and positive thinking coping style fosters fighting spirit and fatalism on health outcomes. Two potential lines of action seem promising: preventing maladaptive and promoting adaptive adjustments working on patient's mental health individually and involving significant others in supportive care, respectivel
Risk perceptions and COVID-19 protective behaviors: a two-wave longitudinal study of epidemic and post-epidemic periods
No full textWe investigated how perceived risk and protective behaviors changed as the coronavirus epidemic progressed. A longitudinal sample of 538 people responded to a COVID-19 risk perception questionnaire during the outbreak and post-epidemic periods. Using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), we examined the mean level change of selected constructs and differences in their relationships. We tested a risk perception pathway in which affective attitude, informed by experience, shaped risk perceptions and protective behaviors. The model also postulated a social pathway in which cultural worldviews, like individualism and hierarchy, predicted risk perceptions and protective behaviors through social norms. Latent mean difference analyses revealed a decrease in social distancing behaviors and an increase in hygiene-cleanliness, corresponding to a reduction in risk perceptions and social norms and a rise in direct and indirect experience, while affective attitude remained substantially stable. Cross-sectional and longitudinal path analyses showed that affective risk perception, primarily informed by affective attitude, and social norms promoted behavior consistency regardless of epidemic contingencies. Instead, analytic risk perceptions were linked to protective behaviors only during the outbreak. Although risk perceptions dropped over time, analytic risk perceptions dropped more steeply than affective risk perceptions. Our findings supported the distinction between affective and deliberative processes in risk perception, reinforcing the view that affective reactions are needed to deploy analytic processes. Our study also supports the claim that perceived social norms are essential to understanding cultural worldview-related protective behaviors variability
Does positivity mediate the relation of extraversion and neuroticism with subjective happiness?
No full textRecent theories suggest an important role of neuroticism, extraversion, attitudes, and global positive orientations as predictors of subjective happiness. We examined whether positivity mediates the hypothesized relations in a community sample of 504 adults between the ages of 20 and 60 years old (females = 50%). A model with significant paths from neuroticism to subjective happiness, from extraversion and neuroticism to positivity, and from positivity to subjective happiness fitted the data (Satorra–Bentler scaled chi-square (38) = 105.91; Comparative Fit Index = .96; Non-Normed Fit Index = .95; Root Mean Square Error
of Approximation = .060; 90% confidence interval = .046, .073). The percentage of subjective happiness variance accounted for by personality traits was only about 48%, whereas adding positivity as a mediating factor increased the explained amount of subjective happi-ness to 78%. The mediation model was invariant by age and gender. The results show that the effect of extraversion on happiness was fully mediated by positivity, whereas the effect of neuroticism was only partially mediated. Implications for happiness studies are
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