1,192 research outputs found
Combating stem and leaf rust of wheat: Historical perspective, impacts, and lessons learned
Get PDFmillions fed, food security, wheat rust, stem rust, leaf rust, Norman Borlaug,
Wheat rust evolution in Spain: an historical review
Get PDFRusts are important wheat diseases worldwide. The three rust diseases of
wheat are yellow rust, leaf rust and stem rust, and each has characteristic features.
The Guadalquivir valley in the south–west and Girona in the north–east are the areas Spain most affected by these diseases. Key factors for understanding the history of
wheat rust epidemics in Spain are historical weather records in the rust–prone areas
and characterization of rust resistance in historical varieties currently preserved in
seed banks. These diseases in Spain have been of moderate importance, with stem rust
being the most significant disease. During the second half of the 20th century several
major epidemics occurred. In 1958 and 1978 severe outbreaks of yellow rust occurred
in the Guadalquivir valley. These were probably associated with crop intensification,
especially a large number of host landraces replaced by just a few cultivars, as well as
immigration of external pathogen inoculum. From the early 1970s, CIMMYT elite cultivars arrived in Spain. These possessed good resistance to leaf and stem rust (Sr2), and
had early heading dates. Subsequently, stem rust severity rapidly decreased in Spanish
fields, but leaf rust epidemics became frequent during 1998–2008 on durum wheat in
south–west Spain. In 2013, races virulent on Lr14a gene were first reported in Spain,
but they did not result in disease epidemics. In 2012–16 yellow rust epidemics were
recorded at many locations due to incursion of the ‘Warrior’ race. Despite the availability of effective fungicides and resistant cultivars to manage the three rust diseases, these diseases continue to threaten wheat production in Spain. In 2016, stem rust
caused epidemics on durum wheat in Sicily (Italy), which has similar climatic conditions to those found in the south and east of Spain. Alert systems and international
co-operation are needed to characterize the resistance of cultivars, and to monitor the
movement and virulence of the wheat rust fungi.Fundación de Investigación de la Universidad de Sevilla PRJ201702960Fundación de Investigación de la Universidad de Sevilla PRJ20160271
Bean rust
No full textTitle from PDF caption (viewed on August 3, 2017).This archived document is maintained by the State Library of Oregon as part of the Oregon Documents Depository Program. It is for informational purposes and may not be suitable for legal purposes.Mode of access: Internet from the Oregon Government Publications Collection.Text in English
An ecophysiological approach to crop losses exemplified in the system wheat, leaf rust, and glume blotch
No full textThe motive of the author to embark upon the research reported here was the need to develop new concepts to approach the problem of crop losses, and eventually the problem of their prevention by means of disease control and plant breeding. The introduction of ecophysiology as an approach, explained above, was the first result. An ecophysiological treatment of processes like growth and development of plants in health and disease necessitates adjustments of current thoughts on experimental techniques and on organization in research (Van der Wal and Cowan, 1974).In order to measure plant or aegricorpus responses concurrently with environmental factors in climate chamber and field experiments during periods Of months, a great variety of instruments had to be bought, modified, or devised. The climate chamber had to be adjusted to allow for high light intensities with a view to growing wheat under conditions approximating those of early summer in the Netherlands; the yield of the spring wheat 'Kolibri' was c. 0.5 kg.m -2, which is nearly equivalent to the average field production of the country. Regulations for the prevention and control of contamination by aphids and mildew without any use of chemicals were issued after detailed experimentation (Van der Wal, unpubl.). Several instruments have been developed, usually with the help of others; this has led to two publications (Schurer and Van der Wal, 1972; Tegelaar and Van der Wal, 1974). These efforts resulted in the experimental designs described in the appendix. Field experiments, conducted in the same period as the climate chamber experiments reported here, will be published later. It is felt that the techniques to record growth of pathogens are still inadequate.The results reported in the appendix show that the 'state' of the plant at the time of infection is a major determinant of the plant's future behaviour, which plant breeders and pathologists can express in terms of resistance and tolerance. The conceptual framework presented above may contribute to a future revision of crop husbandry and crop protection practices
Rust on Dakota Flax in 1948
Get PDFThis is a discussion of the mutations of a wheat and flax disease, stem rust. The author lists infestation sites in the state. Rust resistance in some varieties is mentioned. A then new form of rust attacking the Dakota variety of flax is evaluated. The diversification of varieties of flax growing region would develop resistance from these multiple sources helping them to be more retardant against new diseases
Tooling to Detect Unwanted Thread Exits in Rust
No full textTechnolution is a company that specializes in building embedded and information systems, in which software plays a key role. Recently, Technolution is transitioning from the use of C in embedded systems, to Rust, a relatively new programming language developed by Mozilla. By design, Rust provides the programmer with higher security and reliability guarantees, such as memory safety, type safety and the absence of race conditions. These guarantees are ensured by means of an expressive ownership-based type system. However, it is impossible for the Rust type system to detect all errors statically. Hence, there are still many operations that contain dynamic checks to test for erroneous conditions. When such a check fails, an unrecoverable problem has been encountered and the current thread exits, this is called a panic in Rust. A panic causes the program to terminate, leading to a decrease in availability of the system. To avoid situations causing panic, Technolution wants tooling that detects possible ways a program could panic. For this purpose, we developed a static analysis tool: Rustig. When given a program, Rustig notifies the user of all the operations that either directly, or indirectly via another library, may cause a panic. The tools performs the analysis of panic calls in two stages. First, it builds a call graph from the executable of a Rust program, modelling functions as nodes and function calls as directed edges. Secondly, it performs an analysis on the call graph to determine which functions could cause panic. As part of the development of Rustig, we devised two new approaches. We have developed an approach to construct call graphs taking into account dynamic dispatch calls. This is based upon the assumption once a function address is loaded, it will also be called during execution. Furthermore, in order to efficiently analyze the call graph, a simplification of the all paths problem is proposed. In contrast with the all paths problem, the simplification is solvable in polynomial time. The approach involves finding the shortest path for every crossing edge on a graph cut
- …
