1,721,019 research outputs found
Smallholder Tree Growing for Rural Development and Environmental Services. Lessons from Asia
No full textThis paper proposes a way to classify PES projects based on how environmental service payments are justified and determined. Using the IPCC1 approach as a model, we recommend the use of the tier system to classify PES projects. The three tiers are summarized below: • Tier 1: Payments based on established ecological principles and local knowledge • Tier 2: In addition to the above, payments based on simulation modeling and limited site information • Tier 3: In addition to above, payments based on site-specific quantitative measurements of environmental services We illustrate this with case studies from existing PES projects in the Philippines. We then presented a decision tree to determine how the tier system can be used
Determination of suitable nurse crops and their appropriate time of removal from almaciga seedlings.
No full textTropical Forests and Climate Change Mitigation: The Global Potential and Cases from the Philippines
Get PDFThe Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change IPCC Fourth Assessment report has highlighted the role of tropical forests in mitigating climate change. Deforestation, especially in tropical countries, contributes about 20 percent to total global greenhouse gas emissions. Development projects geared to reduce the rate of deforestation and forest degradation, and to establish forest plantations will help
reduce greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and significantly contribute to mitigating climate change. Three cases of forestry carbon projects underway in the Philippines are presented to illustrate the constraints facing project developers in undertaking these climate change mitigation efforts. Among the key lessons identified are: the difficulty in establishing land eligibility, the need for partners or buyers from
industrialized countries to shoulder the transaction costs, and the crucial role of the local communities, including indigenous peoples, in the development effort
Philippine Forrest and the Kyoto Protocol: Opportunities and Threats
No full textThe paper examines the implications of the Kyoto Protocol, specifically the clean Development Mechanism (CDM), to Philippine tropical forest. The paper briefly summarizes the impacts of climate change to Philippine forests and their role in mitigating climate change. It analyzes the key issues in the landuse change and forestry (LUCF) sector relative to the CDM from the perspective of Philippine forestry. This is followed by a discussion of opportunities and threats arising out of the CDM. It is shown that there are many potential benefits that could come throuh CDM. However, without adequate guidelines, these benefits could be negated. The paper concludes with policy recommendations
Philippine forest and the Kyoto Protocol: opportunities and threats
No full textThe paper examines the implications of the Kyoto Protocol, specifically the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), to Philippine tropical forests. The paper briefly summarizes the impacts of climate change to Philippine forests and their role in mitigating climate change. It analyzes the key issues in the landuse change and forestry (LUCF) sector relative to the CDM from the perspective of Philippine forestry. This is followed by a discussion of opportunities and threats arising out of the CDM. It is shown that there are many potential benefits that could come through CDM. However, without adequate guidelines, these benefits could be negated. The paper concludes with policy recommendations
Issues on climate change and biodiversity in Southeast Asia
No full textClimate change is no longer a prediction or a speculation. It is already taking place in many places around the world including Southeast Asia. Long-term data on temperature and sea levels in an archipelagic country like the Philippines, and a partly continental country like Thailand and Vietnam, as reported in the chapters on country perspectives, indicate an increasing trend over the years
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Climate change and biodiversity in the Philippines: Potential impacts and adaptation strategies
No full text141 Climate Change and Biodiversity in the Philippines Florencia B. Pulhin and Rodel D. Lasco 8 Climate Change and Biodiversity in the Philippines: Potential Impacts and Adaptation Strategies THE PHILIPPINES AND CLIMATE CHANGE Physical and Ecological Features The Philippines is an archipelagic country composed of 7,107 islands. It generally lies between 116° 40\u27 and 126° 34\u27 E longitude, and 4° 40\u27 and 21° 10\u27 N latitude. It is bounded on the southwest by Borneo, on the north by Taiwan, on the south by Moluccas and Sulawesi, and on the east by Palau. The Philippines covers a total of 30 M ha which is almost equally divided between forest lands (15.9 M ha) and alienable and disposable (A&D) lands (14.1 M ha). Of the classified forest lands, 7.2 M ha are forests, 4 M ha are open forests, 2.6 M ha are closed forests, 0.3 M ha are plantations, and 0.2 M ha are mangroves. In terms of soil types, there are 11 general categories based on the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (UN FAO) classification. The categories are: cambisols, gleysols, fluvisols, arenosols, regosols, luvisols, acrisols, andosols, phaeozems, nitisols, and kastanozems. Acrisols and cambisols are the most common types of soil present in many areas of the country as they cover 12 M ha and 8 M ha, respectively. Topography is varied in the Philippines. The highest point is in Mt. Apo, with an elevation of 2,954 m asl. Lowlands are located in Cagayan Reproduced from Moving Forward: Southeast Asian Perspectives on Climate Change and Biodiversity edited by Percy E. Sajise, Mariliza V. Ticsay and Gil C. Saguiguit, Jr. (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2010). This version was obtained electronically direct from the publisher on condition that copyright is not infringed.No part of this publication may be reproduced without the prior permission of the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Individual articles are available at 142 Florencia B. Pulhin and Rodel D. Lasco Valley and the central plains of Luzon, Cotabato, the Davao-Agusan valleys, and in Negros and Panay. Based on rainfall distribution, there are four types of climate existing in the Philippines: Type I, Type II, Type III, and Type IV. Climatic Type I is characterized by two pronounced seasons (dry and wet). Climatic Type II has no dry season but has a very pronounced rainfall from November to January. Climatic Type III is somehow in between Climatic Types I and II but is more similar to the Type I climate. It has a relatively short dry season which lasts for one to three months only. In Type IV climate, rainfall is more or less evenly distributed throughout the year. In general, the Philippines is characterised by high temperatures because of its tropical location and surrounding bodies of water. The average annual temperature in the Philippines is around 26.6 0 C, with a mean maximum temperature of 28 0 C, and a mean minimum temperature of 25.80 C. Rainfall distribution in the Philippines varies from one region to another. The mean annual rainfall range is from 965 mm to 4,064 mm. Relative humidity in the country is very high, even going as high as 85 per cent during September. Despite the very small land area, the Philippines has a high population. As of 2000, total population was pegged at 76.5 M, at a population density of 255/km2 . During 1990-2000, the annual population growth rate is at 2.34 per cent. Observed Climate Trends, Variability and Extreme Events Similar to the trend observed in the global mean temperature, the mean annual temperature in the Philippines also increases over time. From 1951 to 2006, records showed that warming occurred in the country (Figure 8.1). In terms of rainfall, a generally increasing trend on annual rainfall amounts and number of rainy days during the wettest and driest years, per decade, was observed (Perez 2007). Likewise, the occurrence of ENSO events was observed to become more frequent since 1980. For instance, from 1982 onwards, strong El Niño events occurred every five years (1982-1983, 1987-1988, 1992-1993, 1997199
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