1,721,080 research outputs found
Combiner cartes à dires d’acteurs et lectures de paysage pour analyser les circuits agricoles et alimentaires de la Vallée de la Levrière
No full textPour aborder la complexité des systèmes agricoles et alimentaires dans les
territoires, une approche systémique est requise, tant les dynamiques sont inter-reliées et
nécessitent des regards croisés. Nous proposons une approche de diagnostic prospectif
participatif valorisant la transversalité et l’articulation des échelles. L’itinéraire
méthodologique suivi vise à faire ressortir les perceptions et motivations quant à ce territoire
de vie, et ce, à travers des cartes à dire d’acteurs et des lectures de paysage in situ ainsi que
l’organisation d’un jeu de territoire. Les diagnostics thématiques retranscrivent des
informations obtenues lors des entretiens individuels menés à travers le territoire, et se voient
enrichis des discussions et débats qui se sont tenus lors d’une après-midi de rencontre entre
acteurs. L’étape des scénarii et des actions reprend les idées et les volontés évoquées durant
cette journée à propos de l’avenir de la Vallée et des moyens à mettre en oeuvre pour le
développement de ce territoire. Cette approche empirique, qui part du terrain et des objectifs
pédagogiques de formation des étudiants, pour répondre aux objectifs de l’action et
réinterroger les concepts et méthodes de la recherche, donne un fil directeur pour penser la
généricité de l’itinéraire méthodologique et un cadre d’analyse pour les transitions
territoriales. Ainsi, tout au long de l’itinéraire méthodologique, il pourrait y avoir des
traitements géomatiques complémentaires pour consolider les analyses, extraire les
connaissances et faciliter la participation
A method to identify and map the land use patterns relevant for agro-environmental policies in agricultural landscapes.
No full textThe association of natural and farmed areas is of primary importance for ecological networks in agricultural landscapes. The main goal of this work is to present a method to rapidly quantify and map the spatial configurations (SC) of the main landscape elements in farmed landscapes. Such land use patterns are relevant for agro-environmental policies since a better knowledge of main CS in landscapes is needed (Forman and Wilson, 1995; Benoit et al., 2012). Such CS can support an evaluation of the ecosystems services provided by agricultural landscapes in view of the “greening” measures of the next CAP (Lefevre et al., 2012) and locally the integration of ecological networks in planning of agricultural landscapes (Pinto-Correia et al., 2006).
The method we developed was in four steps: (1) To identify the main objectives of agro-environmental policies and of their relationship with local land uses; (2) to qualify the CS relevant for policies through field surveys, aerial photos observation, qualitative spatial representations, also in order to describe each CS by spatial indicators; (3) to test the relevance of the indicators describing CS using Pearson Chi-squared and Wilcoxon signed rank tests; (4) to map the spatial distribution of the identified CS in the analyzed agricultural landscape. We applied this method to a case study in Southern Tuscany, a Mediterranean inland hilly landscape of 1500 ha (Figure 1a).
Relevant agro-environmental policy objectives were the protection of surface water from nitrates, the protection of soil quality and the conservation of the cultural landscape diversity (Marraccini et al., 2009). With respect to these objectives, several land elements and uses (patch and linear networks) were described to have an influence on the identified objectives (Lefevre et al., 2012): agricultural land uses (arable crops 83% of the landscape surface, permanent crops 10%, fallows 2%), natural vegetation (woods, hedgerows, isolated trees), water bodies, human settlements. Starting from this preliminary information, we identified four CS in the studied area, differing for the different composition and arrangement of land uses. Arable crops (mainly winter wheat) were part of each CS, e.g. as main land use nearby rivers in CS1 or in a mosaic of human settlements and permanent crops in CS2. The description of the five CS and of the indicators identified is in Table 1. Selected indicators were proper to distinguish CS and were all statistically significant. The mapping of the CS showed a total coverage of the analyzed landscape, with some overlapping among different CS (Figure 1b shows an examples for CS1 and CS2).
The method reliability has been tested on another grassland oriented landscape in Central France showing a higher predictive value of agro-environmental services for Mediterranean landscapes characterized by an higher land use diversity (Marraccini, 2010).
References:
Benoit M., Rizzo D., Marraccini E., Moonen C., Galli M., Lardon S., Rapey H., Thenail C., Bonari E. (2012). Landscape agronomy to deal with agricultural landscapes dynamics. Landscape Ecology 27: 1385-1394.
Forman R. T. T., Wilson E. O. (1995). Land mosaic: the ecology of landscapes and regions. Cambridge University Press, 632 pp.
Lefevre M., Espinosa M., Gomez y Paloma S. (2012). The influence of the Common Agricultural Policy on agricultural landscapes. JRC Scientific and Policy reports, 79 pp.
Marraccini E. (2010). La valutazione delle funzioni agro-ambientali: un approccio agronomico – territoriale. Tesi di Perfezionamento in Scienze Agrarie, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna and AgroParisTech, 339 pp. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00589832
Marraccini E., Galli M., Rapey H., Lardon S., Bonari E. (2009). Multiple agro-environmental functions targeted by decision-makers: a compared approach in two European regions. In: Breuste J., Kozova M., Finka M. (Eds), Proceedings of the European International Association for Landscape Ecology (IALE) Conference, Salzburg (Austria), 167-172.
Pinto-Correia, T., Gustavsson, R., Pirnat, J. (2006). Bridging the gap between centrally defined policies and local decisions – Towards more sensitive and creative rural landscape management. Landscape Ecology 21: 333–346.
Rizzo D., Marraccini E., Lardon S., Rapey H., Debolini M., Thenail C., Benoit M. (2012). How can landscape management be enhanced by farming systems? A landscape agronomy perspective. European IFSA Symposium, 1-4 July 2012 Aarhus, Danemark, 9 pp
Intensification, periurbanization and specialization of agriculture as significant short-term land system dynamics in the Mediterranean basin
No full textMediterranean land systems are undergoing significant changes in terms of
agricultural land use and practices. In the literature these changes are highlighted by a number of local or regional studies, however, an overview of the land system changes at the Mediterranean basin level is lacking. This paper identifies the main land system dynamics over a short time period (2005-2015) and their location, in order to highlight the trajectories
that are also taking place in other parts of the world. We identified four significant types of change: (1) from mixed agriculture to specialized fruit groves; (2) from agricultural areas to
urban and/or periurban areas; (3) from agroforestry to arable systems, and (4) from
predominantly bare soils to agricultural areas. These ongoing dynamics can be characterized as intensification, periurbanization and specialization of agriculture
Contribution of periurban farming systems to local food systems: a systemic innovation perspective
Full text linkThe debate on food security has highlighted the connection between periurban farming systems (PFS) and local food systems (LFS) for academic research. Several researchers have called for in-depth analysis of the participation and impact of farmers in LFS, and the systemic innovation perspective can provide relevant analysis of the sustainability of this agro-food system. The objective of the current study is to investigate the integration of PFS into LFS from the systemic innovation perspective, by analysing systemic failures and merits that hinder or promote the contribution of PFS to LFS for farmers and commercial actors. The case study is the LFS of the urban Pisa region in central Italy. Results show that farmers there are adapting to urban pressure, which improves the sustainability of their farming practices. At the same time, commercial actors have a commercial opportunity to include local farmers in their economic strategy. Nevertheless, individual initiatives must be coordinated to support the sustainability of both LFS and PFS. This study thus developed an innovative method to identify systemic failures and merits for farmers and commercial actors to address sustainability strategies at the territorial level
An inter- and transdisciplinary, multiscale and mixed methods pathway to study smart agriculture in Italy
No full textThis chapter aims to design such an inter- and transdisciplinary, multiscale and mixed method pathway to provide policy makers and stakeholders with a rationale framework of analysis for Smart Agriculture (SA) applied to the urban-rural relationships of several Italian case studies. The urban area of Pisa is situated near the coast in Tuscany and is made of a set of seven small towns. Agricultural areas in the metropolitan region are close to very urbanized and industrialized areas however, a deeply rooted rural tradition still resists. SA can be an experimental field where decision makers, civil society, academia and other actors cooperate within the proposed methodological framework to improve the urban-rural link in metropolitan regions. To date, multidisciplinary approaches on agri-urban region have mainly compared results from different disciplines regarding case study analyses. The promotion of peri-urban agriculture and rural-urban links is at the core of the pact
How to analyse the contribution of periurban farming system to local food system? Comparison from different approaches on local food system.
No full textThe recent claims on food security have arisen reflections on the potential contribution of Periurban
Farming System (PuFS) in feeding cities, considering its “geographical proximity” with urban dwellers.
Besides, the weakness of global food system have led policy-makers and researchers to support studies
on the “relocalization” of food production, as a way to support local economy and territorial development.
Thus, a link has been made between PuFSs and Local Food System (LFS).
Nevertheless, in literature what exactly identifies a food as a “local food” is a matter of debate. Moreover,
there are few contributions on the PuFS’ functioning, considering the peculiar territorial production’s
conditions, due to urbanisation. In this way PuFS’ contribution may be underestimated.
The objective of this study is to analyze the potential contribution of PuFS to LFS, considering the existing
approaches on LFS. To do so, the analysis focuses on how the territory of “local” is defined by such
approaches with respect to food production, to understand how the particular conditions of PuFSs’
production can be or have already been included.
Four approaches were selected dealing with the contribution of local agriculture to LFS: the Local AgroFood
System (SYAL), the Foodshed, the Urban Food System, and the Alternative Food Network (AFN).
The results show that each approach associates to the term “local” different definitions of “territory”,
affecting the inclusion of different aspects of the farming system put in place in a specific territory. SYAL
considers the local farming system as a tool for territorial development; studies are focused on the
selection of quality’s production, and the territory seems to be more a symbolic area, where the specific
conditions of PuFS’ production results of less relevance. In Foodshed and Urban food system approach
the starting point is a food demand which seeks a specific production in a geographically well delineated
territory, which changes depending on the requests. While foodsheds’s studies are mainly focused on
specific users, studying the cropping system of “useful” productions, Urban Food ones takes the institutions’ perspective, dealing with variegated diets’ requests from the city. Finally AFN focuses on the relationships between consumers and farmers, and Short Food Supply Chains consider the relationships between periurban farmers and close urban dwellers, which define the territory.
The comparison of LFS’s approaches helps the assessment of the link between PuFS and LFS. In this way it supports policy-makers and researchers dealing with local food security
Is the choice of a farm’s commercial market an indicator of agricultural intensity? Conventional and short food supply chains in periurban farming systems
No full textShort food supply chains (SFSCs) have been identified as an economic opportunity for agriculture under urban pressure, as well as drivers for more sustainable farming systems. However, few studies have focused on the intensity of periurban farms that participate in such SFSCs, compared with the performance of the other farms. In this paper, we examined the relationship between agricultural intensity and the market orientation in a representative sample of farms in the urban region of Pisa (Italy). We define agricultural intensity as the intensity of land use and its main drivers (e.g., farm management or the individual characteristics of farmers), and market orientation as the ratio of farm produce within conventional, short or mixed foodsupply chains. The results suggest that the market orientation of periurban farming systems is more correlated to the indicators of farm management and land use intensity than to the individual farmer’s characteristics. This result provides the first evidence that market orientation is a driver of intensity, and that individual farmer’s characteristics are not significantly different in the three groups of market orientation. These findings could be generalised to other urban areas and correlated with the main orientation of farming systems in order to support both the assessment of farming systems and the implementation of innovative urban food policies
Agricultural land use changes within multifunctionality perspective. Method proposal and compared application on a French and Italian regions
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