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Exorcising Malthusian ghosts: Vaccinating the Nexus to advance integrated water, energy and food resource resilience
Get PDFWater-Energy-Food (WEF) Nexus interactions vary from seemingly negative and intractable wicked problems to opportunities for enhanced sustainability. The aim of this paper is to review the current state of understanding on WEF resource interactions and to provide a roadmap to enhance integrated resource management. A qualitative perspective based on expert insight and experience was supported by a more quantitative systematic analysis of the literature to define Nexus interactions, describe the nature of different challenges, and explore the factors that influence them. We found that Nexus challenges, and associated interactions (e.g. trade-offs and synergies), vary with complexity and spatial and temporal scale, and biases in research and culture act as barriers to progress. An interdisciplinary approach is needed to develop technical solutions employed through the use of orchestrated shocks (e.g. historic analogues, predictive modelling, experimentation, and scenario planning) to “Vaccinate the Nexus” and improve system resilience. To achieve this, multidisciplinary capability should be developed to solve interdisciplinary challenges, while protecting specialism. It is recognised that through embracing complexity and “Nexus (or Systems) Thinking”, future integration of resource management may be facilitated through holistic education, informed by interdisciplinary research, and ingrained in cross-sector policy and governance
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Legal dissonance ::the interaction of criminal law and customary law in Papua New Guinea /
No full text"Papua New Guinea's two most powerful legal orders -- customary law and state law -- [each] undermine the other in criminal matters. This phenomenon, called legal dissonance, can help explain the low level of personal security found in many parts of the country. It is shown that a lack of coordination in the punishing of wrong behavior is both problematic for legal orders themselves and for those who are subject to such a legal phenomenon. Legal dissonance can lead to an activity being simultaneously advanced by one legal order and punished by the other, leading to injustice, and, perhaps more importantly, an undermining of each legal order's ability to deter wrongdoing"-
Accounting for Legal Pluralism: The Impact of Pre-colonial Institutions on Crime
Get PDFThis article investigates the impact of non-state legal institutions on crimeby exploiting differences in pre-colonial legal institutions. In relation to criminallaw, it is suggested that colonisation can be best characterised as the imposition ofalmost identical criminal law on a diverse set of pre-existing legal institutions; inthis sense, this analysis inverts the legal origins and institutions literature. Giventhat remnants of pre-colonial institutions persist, it is suggested that the type of precolonial legal institution should have a direct effect on state crime control and thecrime rate. This is so, as societies that were relatively stateless prior to colonisationare more likely to have high magnitude non-state sanctions that can act as substitutes for state punishments, but the presence of such non-state legal institutionsalso reduces the productivity of state enforcement, contributing to an overallincrease in crime. This is tested using a measure for pre-colonial institutions on adataset of 86 post-colonial states. Private enforcement of high magnitude punishments, despite the deterrent effect, results in a net increase in crime
Legal dissonance ::the interaction of criminal law and customary law in Papua New Guinea /
No full text"Papua New Guinea's two most powerful legal orders -- customary law and state law -- [each] undermine the other in criminal matters. This phenomenon, called legal dissonance, can help explain the low level of personal security found in many parts of the country. It is shown that a lack of coordination in the punishing of wrong behavior is both problematic for legal orders themselves and for those who are subject to such a legal phenomenon. Legal dissonance can lead to an activity being simultaneously advanced by one legal order and punished by the other, leading to injustice, and, perhaps more importantly, an undermining of each legal order's ability to deter wrongdoing"-
Problematic legal pluralism: causes and some potential ‘cures’
Get PDFThe tools of analytical positivism and economic analysis are applied to the phenomenon of legal pluralism. An analytical framework is developed to ascertain when legal pluralism is problematic in the control of wrongdoing. It is demonstrated that there are three specific cases: rivalrous compliance, sanctions for wrong behaviour that are deemed to be wrongs themselves, and the uncoordinated sanctioning of common wrongs. Then there is a discussion of the consequences and some approaches that can be used to ameliorate each case that has been identified. It is hoped that this framework will be used to guide future practical and theoretical discussions on legal pluralism and its potential problems
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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