8,271 research outputs found
Cigaretter och cancer
No full textSMT publicerade i nr 6, 1998 en artikel av professor Lars-Olov Bygren med effekter av kampanjen mot rökning. Bygrens skeptiska inställning till sådana kampanjer har väckt protester, det råder ingen tvekan om att förekomsten av rökning skulle ligga på väsentligt högre nivåer om ansträngningar att förebygga tobaksbruk aldrig genomförts. Detta framhålles i nedanstående inlägg av med dr Mats Lambe, inst för medicinsk epidemiologi, Karolinska Institutet och docent Göran Boethius, överläkare vid lungkliniken i Östersund
Relationships between lamb carcass quality traits measured by X-ray computed tomography (CT) and current UK-hill sheep breeding goals.
No full textGenetic parameters were estimated between current UK hill sheep breeding goals and lamb carcass composition and muscularity traits derived using X-ray computed tomography (CT). To produce these estimates, a total of 648 lambs from two hill farms were CT scanned at weaning (ca 120 days of age), over 3 years, and total weights of carcass muscle (MUSC), fat (CFAT) and bone (BONE) and internal fat (IFAT) were predicted. Previously derived muscularity indices were also calculated for the hind leg (HLMI) and lumbar (LRMI) regions, to assess muscle shape. Data for current breeding goals (lamb performance and maternal traits) were also included from a total of 10 297 lamb records and 12 704 ewe records. Heritabilities were estimated for each trait and genetic and phenotypic correlations were calculated between each CT trait and other lamb or ewe traits.Moderate to high positive genetic correlations were found between CT-predicted tissue weights and breeding goals, which were also weights (lamb weaning weight, carcass weight, mature ewe weight, average weight of lambs reared by the ewe). CFAT was positively genetically correlated with ultrasound backfat depth at weaning (UFD) and subjective fatness grade at slaughter (MLCF), suggesting that carcass fat could be decreased using selection on any of these predictors. Ultrasound muscle depth at weaning (UMD) and subjective conformation score at slaughter (MLCC) had high genetic correlations with the muscularity indices (HLMI and LRMI), but correlations with MUSC were not significantly different from zero. This implies that selection to improve MLCC is likely to be increasing the ‘roundness’ of muscle shape in the high-priced carcass region, but having littleimpact on total lean meat yield. Correlations of CT traits with the other ewe traits (number of lambs weaned, number of lambs lost, longevity, fleece weight) were generally small or not significantly different from zero. The genetic parameters generated in this study can now be used in selection index calculations to assess the benefits of including lamb CT traits in future selection programmes for hill sheep
The expedition of the Sultan in 1538 in Moldavia : (in the view of an Italian author)
Full text linkThe expedition of the Sultan in 1538 in Moldavia : (in the view of an Italian author). - In: Colloquia, an 2006, vol. 13, nr. 1-2, p. 257-271
5G NR : the next generation wireless access technology /
No full text5G NR: The Next Generation Wireless Access TechnologyïŽfollows the authors' highly celebrated books on 3G and 4G by providing a new level of insight into 5G NR. After an initial discussion of the background to 5G, including requirements, spectrum aspects and the standardization timeline, all technology features of the first phase of NR are described in detail. Included is a detailed description of the NR physical-layer structure and higher-layer protocols, RF and spectrum aspects and co-existence and interworking with LTE. The book provides a good understanding of NR and the different NR technology components, giving insight into why a certain solution was selected. Content includes: Key radio-related requirements of NR, design principles, technical featuresDetails of basic NR transmission structure, showing where it has been inherited from LTE and where it deviates from it, and the reasons whyNR Multi-antenna transmission functionalityDetailed description of the signals and functionality of the initial NR access, including signals for synchronization and system information, random access and pagingLTE/NR co-existence in the same spectrum, the benefits of their interworking as one systemThe different aspects of mobility in NR RF requirements for NR will be described both for BS and UE, both for the legacy bands and for the new mm-wave bands.Includes bibliographical references and index.Vendor-supplied metadata.5G NR: The Next Generation Wireless Access TechnologyïŽfollows the authors' highly celebrated books on 3G and 4G by providing a new level of insight into 5G NR. After an initial discussion of the background to 5G, including requirements, spectrum aspects and the standardization timeline, all technology features of the first phase of NR are described in detail. Included is a detailed description of the NR physical-layer structure and higher-layer protocols, RF and spectrum aspects and co-existence and interworking with LTE. The book provides a good understanding of NR and the different NR technology components, giving insight into why a certain solution was selected. Content includes: Key radio-related requirements of NR, design principles, technical featuresDetails of basic NR transmission structure, showing where it has been inherited from LTE and where it deviates from it, and the reasons whyNR Multi-antenna transmission functionalityDetailed description of the signals and functionality of the initial NR access, including signals for synchronization and system information, random access and pagingLTE/NR co-existence in the same spectrum, the benefits of their interworking as one systemThe different aspects of mobility in NR RF requirements for NR will be described both for BS and UE, both for the legacy bands and for the new mm-wave bands.Elsevie
Inleidende studie betreffende de mogelijkheden tot verhoging van de Emmapolderdijk
No full textDe onderhavige nota is ontstaan als uitvloeisel van voorstellen van de afdelingsingenieur voor de afdeling Landaanwinningswerken aan de Hoofdingenieur-Direkteur in de direktie Groningen betreffende het opzetten van een proef met golfremmende elementen op de Emmapolderdijk, van de daarop gevolgde gedachtenwisseling, en van de brief nr. 4048 van 3 juli 1963 van de genoemde Hoofdingenieur-Direkteur, waarin aan de afdeling Landaanwinningswerken werd opgedragen voorstudieste verrichten omtrent de mogelijkheden tot verhoging van de Emmapolderdijk
Ex-ante evaluation of tightening environmental policy: the case of mineral use in Dutch agriculture
Full text linkNon-point source pollution is notoriously difficult to asses. A relevant example is mineral emissions in the Netherlands. Since the mid 1980s the Dutch government has sought to reduce emissions through a wide variety of measures, the effect of which in turn is monitored using modeling techniques. This paper presents the current generation of mineral emission models from agriculture based on microsimulation of farms in combination with a spatial equilibrium model for the dispersion of manure from excess regions with high livestock intensities within the country to areas with low livestock intensities. The micro-simulation approach retains the richness in the heterogeneity of farm household decision making that are the core cause of the difficulty of assessing non-point source pollution, while using the best available data to track corresponding pollution. Using scenario analysis we are able to assess the possible effects of further tightening of agro-environmental policy.micro-simulation, spatial-equilibrium model, non-point source pollution, Environmental Economics and Policy,
Finnmarksloven er vedtatt. Om de vesentligste endringene i loven i forhold til regjeringens lovforslag i Ot.prp. nr 53 (2002-2003)
Full text linkThe Finnmark Act was recently approved in the parliament by a clear majority. A half-century discussion
concerning land rights of the Saami people has culminated in an Act concerning the «right to
land and water» in Finnmark County. The legislative history of the Act covers approximately 25
years, and started when the Saami Law committee was appointed in autumn 1980.
In this paper the author examines this legislative history, emphasizing the main changes in the
adopted act in relation the disputed bill to the parliament in spring 2003 (Ot.prp. nr. 53 (2002-2003).
Pursuant to the Act, a land commission and special tribunal will be established that will clarify
and settle land rights questions. The author observes that the land consolidation court, as proposed
by the Saami Law committee, is not given any place in the Act.
Finally, the author remarks that the changes from the bill of 2003, up to the adoption of the Act in
June this year, have led to an act which is a major step forward in giving the people in Finnmark
County rights to their natural resources and common land. The Act also represents strong support
for the land rights of the Saami people
Investigation of genetic and non-genetic factors influencing ewe reproductive performance in a Scottish hill flock
Full text linkHill sheep farming is the backbone of the Scottish sheep farming industry. Due to the low productivity of hill sheep breeds and the changes in EU subsidy support system, the number of breeding ewes declined significantly between 2000 and 2018. This has affected the social, economic and environmental sustainability of rural areas. Introduction of lowland/upland prolific sheep breeds, such as the Lleyn, into hill farming systems might improve productivity of hill enterprises. However, the harsh hill weather conditions and poor nutritional supply in the hill environment might compromise the performance and the health of less adapted breeds, such as the Lleyn. The aim of this PhD project was to investigate the performance of Lleyn ewes farmed in a Scottish hill farm environment, comparing their performance with genetically unimproved Scottish Blackface (UBF) ewes and genetically improved Scottish Blackface (IBF) ewes farmed together in the same flock.
The study was conducted between November 2012 and October 2017 in two phases. In the first phase (between November 2012 and October 2015; the flock was comprised of approximately 300 ewes per genetic line), Lleyn ewes achieved significantly higher litter sizes at pregnancy scanning, lambing and weaning than UBF and IBF ewes, and had heavier average lamb birth weight than, and comparable average lamb weaning weight to, UBF and IBF ewes. In the second phase (between November 2015 and October 2017; the flock was comprised of approximately 200 ewes per genetic line), the three genetic lines of ewes were further challenged, with half of the flock being farmed under more extensive conditions. In this phase, based on the whole flock performance, Lleyn ewes achieved comparable litter sizes at pregnancy scanning, lambing and weaning to UBF and IBF ewes. They also achieved heavier average lamb birth weights and heavier weaned litter weights than UBF and IBF ewes.
Further investigations were performed to discover the possible reasons that led to performance differences among the three genetic lines. Firstly, Lleyn ewes were found to have higher pre-mating serum concentrations of vitamin D (25(OH)D3 in particular) than UBF and IBF ewes, and these vitamin D parameters were positively associated with lamb birth weight in the following lambing season. Additionally, pre-lambing metabolic profiles of twin-bearing ewes showed that they were well nourished in late pregnancy, with Lleyn twin-bearing ewes having higher magnesium concentrations than UBF and IBF ewes, which suggested that these Lleyns had higher feed intake. These outcomes could potentially assist Lleyn ewes to give birth to lambs with relatively heavier birth weight, which enhances lamb survival. The quality of colostrum secreted by Lleyn twin-bearing ewes, measured as Brix percentage, was as good as colostrum secreted by UBF and IBF twin-bearing ewes, and this is important for providing passive immunity and energy for neonates to survive. The post mortem examinations of the majority of dead lambs in three lambing seasons (2015-2017) showed that dystocia was the main cause of neonatal lamb death, with more IBF lambs dying as a consequence of this cause, compared to UBF and Lleyn lambs. Lleyn ewes had narrower external pelvic widths than UBF and IBF ewes, although no relationship between this measurement and lambing difficulty was found. Summer grazing behavioural observations showed that the number of ewes observed in different grazing sectors did not differ among the three genetic lines, suggesting no obvious differences in grazing behaviour. Overall, this thesis showed that Lleyn ewes have adapted well to the hill environment, and outperformed/equalled production levels of their UBF and IBF flockmates. Therefore, this lowland/upland sheep breed could be a good candidate for improving the productivity of hill sheep farming enterprises
Farming on the Edge in Poland. Options for Improving Farm Incomes for the Main Types of Farms after Joining the EU
Full text linkThe aim of the paper is to examine the financial impacts of introducing the Common Agricultural Policy into the Polish farming sector after the accession to the EU. Aggregated results from farm level modelling using linear programming for 210 farm types representing the variety of Polish farms, and 90% of the agricultural sector are presented. The benefits of the negotiated subsidy arrangements are unequally distributed and only a partial solution to low farm family incomes.EU accession, Polish Agriculture, direct payments, typical farms, farm model., Farm Management,
Conservation genetics of Pristis sawfishes in Australian waters
Full text linkNorthern Australia is believed to contain the last ‘viable’ populations of the critically endangered Freshwater Sawfish, Pristis microdon, Dwarf Sawfish, Pristis clavata, and Green Sawfish, Pristis zijsron, making these populations of global significance. Mitochondrial and microsatellite markers were used to investigate the population structure, levels of genetic diversity, and evolutionary history of each of these species in northern Australian waters. Pristis microdon, which utilizes freshwater rivers as juveniles and marine waters as adults, has high levels of mtDNA heterogeneity and no nDNA heterogeneity; indicating that this species has female philopatry coupled with male-biased dispersal in northern Australian waters. The conservation plans for this species should, therefore, place a high priority on the protection of females, pupping grounds, and nursery areas to minimize the risk of extirpation. Conservation plans also need to consider the likelihood that a decline in the abundance of this species in one location could have an effect on its abundance and genetic ‘health’ in other locations via male gene flow. In contrast, P. clavata and P. zijsron, which spend their entire lives in marine and/or estuarine waters, each have heterogeneity in the mtDNA and nDNA markers, suggesting that gene flow in both males and females is restricted at large spatial scales in northern Australian waters. Consequently, the risk of extirpation for each of these species is relatively high since a decline in abundance is unlikely to be replenished by immigration from other locations. Therefore, conservation plans for P. clavata and P. zijsron should place a high priority on the protection of males and females, as well as pupping grounds and nursery areas. Most of the assemblages of each of the Pristis species contained moderate and high levels of diversity in mtDNA and nDNA markers, respectively. This suggests that the prognosis for the short and medium-term survival of each of these species in Australian waters is relatively good, providing that measures are put in place to curb any further declines in abundance. However, the levels of mtDNA diversity in the assemblage of each of P. clavata and P. zijsron in the Gulf of Carpentaria were reduced and, therefore, these assemblages may warrant special conservation status. Finally, the evolutionary histories of the Pristis species in Australian waters have most likely played an important role in shaping the observed patterns of population structure and levels of genetic diversity, however, the relative influence of contemporary versus historic factors on the amount and distribution of genetic variation in each of these species remains somewhat unresolved
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