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EXPLANATION OF PLATE I Left lateral aspect of skull of Stephanosaurus marginatus; one- fifth the natural size. Abbreviations.-D, lateral temporal fossa; DN, dentary; J, jugal; L, lachrymal; MX, maxilla; N, nasal; NO, nasal opening; OR, orbit; PD, predentary; PF, prefrontal; PM, premaxilla; Q, quadrate; QJ, quadrato-jugal; S, squamosal; SA, surangular. in On a new genus and species of carnivorous dinosaur from the Belly River Formation of Alberta, with a description of the skull of Stephanosaurus marginatus from the same horizon
No full textEXPLANATION OF PLATE I Left lateral aspect of skull of Stephanosaurus marginatus; one- fifth the natural size. Abbreviations.-D, lateral temporal fossa; DN, dentary; J, jugal; L, lachrymal; MX, maxilla; N, nasal; NO, nasal opening; OR, orbit; PD, predentary; PF, prefrontal; PM, premaxilla; Q, quadrate; QJ, quadrato-jugal; S, squamosal; SA, surangular.Published as part of Lambe, LM, 1914, On a new genus and species of carnivorous dinosaur from the Belly River Formation of Alberta, with a description of the skull of Stephanosaurus marginatus from the same horizon, pp. 13-21 in The Ottawa Naturalist 28 on page 20, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.337109
Gorgosaurus libratus Lambe, 1914, gen. et sp. nov.
No full textGorgosaurus libratus, gen. et sp. nov. Carnivorous dinosaur of large size, reaching a length of about twenty-nine feet; head narrow and moderately elongate; trunk compact; fore-limbs minute; hind-limbs long and robust; tail nearly half the total length of the animal, tapering, and with only a slight lateral compression. In the skull there is a large antorbital vacuity, preceded by a very small opening in the centre of a depressed area. No triangular alveolar plates on the inner sides of the jaws. A foramen present in the surangular, far back and near its upper border. No presplenial. Teeth trenchant, powerful, 4 premaxillary, 13 maxillary and 14 dentary. First tooth of the maxilla similar in shape and size to those of the premaxilla. Vertebrae slightly amphicoelous, concave on the sides and beneath; 2 cervico-dorsals, 11 dorsals, 5 sacrals, and about 34 caudals. Neural spines short throughout the vertebral column. Chevron bones short, beginning with the first caudal. Transverse processes of the caudal vertebrae decreasing in size to and ending with the 14th vertebra. Anterior zygapophyses of the posterior caudals greatly lengthened. Scapula longer than the fore-limb. Humerus twice the length of the ulna. Two digits, Nos. II and III, to the manus, of which the phalangeal formula is 2 II, 3 III, the terminal phalanges being claw bones. Metacarpal IV represented by a proximal vestigial bone. Ilium elongate, plate-like, with a flat upper outline and rounded ends. Preacetabular part shorter than the hinder portion, of which both are strengthened on the outer surface by a prominent, overhanging flange running horizontally at midheight. Ischium terminating narrowly below. Pubis ending in a horizontally expanded foot, of which the posterior extension is the greater. Femur about the same length as the tibia. Metatarsals II, III and IV elongate, of which III, the longest, is nearly two-thirds the length of the femur. Metatarsal I represented distally by a short vestigial bone, and metatarsal V represented in a similar manner proximally. Four clawed digits to the pes, viz.: Nos. I, II, III and IV, of which the phalangeal formula is 2 I, 3II, 4 III and 5 IV. Ventral ribs composite, sixteen in number, overlapping at the longitudinal mid line of the body, and bearing distally slender, closely applied supplementaries. * Communicated by permission of the Director of the Geological Survey. ** The Ottawa Naturalist, Vol. XXVII, No. 10, January, 1914. Gorgosaurus libratus, apart from its dentition, is remarkable for the extreme shortness of the fore-legs and the great length of the hind ones. The long, narrow ilium rises slightly above the short sacral spines, and, in addition to the horizontal flanges, already mentioned, there are two small strengthening buttresses running upward from-the centre of the acetabular border. The length of the metatarsals is surprising. The close application of the vestigial distal end of metatarsal I to metatarsal II is indicated by a slightly concave surface on the latter bone, which gives digit I a forwardly rather than a backwardly directed position in the foot, The vestigial proximal end of metatarsal V is in place in each leg, recalling to mind a similarly reduced bone in Ornithomimus altus, Lambe, also from the Belly River formation of Alberta. Each abdominal rib consists of two well ossified, flattened lengths, which overlap at their inner ends. Outwardly, each lateral half is slightly grooved on its front margin for the reception of a slender rod like bone (supplementary), which lies closely against the rib and projects but slightly beyond its outer end. The four premaxillary teeth are remarkably long and slender, With a keel on each side of a slightly convex inner or lingual surface. They are latterly compressed to a slight extent, evenly rounded in front, with their fore and aft diameter a little greater than their breadth. The first or anterior tooth of the maxilla is similar to the prem axillary teeth, in which respect Gorgosaurus differs from other known genera of Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs. The other maxillary teeth are long and powerful, of the Megalosauroid type, with two serrated keels, one along the front edge, the other behind. In the second maxillary tooth the anterior keel in descending passes slightly toward the inner side of the crown, and this is seen in a lessening degree in the next two or three succeeding teeth. A similar slight variation is seen also in the more anterior teeth of the dentary. The chevron bones are intervertebral, but with a greater surface of attachment to the front vertebra of the two, The more anterior ones are bent slightly backward from their midlength. This angulation in succeeding ones becomes more pronounced until the lower edge of the distal half is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the tail. By a gradually increased development and prolongation forward of the anterior angulation at the mid length of the bone, a “ meat-chopper ” shape is attained and adhered to with a gradual diminution in size, more apparent in the depth of the bone than in the length of its “ foot. ” The long and slender anterior teeth (premaxillary and first maxillary) of Gorgosaurus are very different in shape from the robust supposed anterior teeth of Deinodon horridus of Leidy. In all the large Cretaceous carnivorous dinosaurs, the majority of the teeth, apart from the more anterior ones, are remarkably similar in the different genera and do not afford data for generic distinctions. Another large form of carnivorous dinosaur, having supporting alveolar plates on the inner sides of the jaws, occurs in the Belly River formation of Alberta and is represented in the collection of 1913.Published as part of Lambe, LM, 1914, On a new genus and species of carnivorous dinosaur from the Belly River Formation of Alberta, with a description of the skull of Stephanosaurus marginatus from the same horizon, pp. 13-21 in The Ottawa Naturalist 28 on pages 13-16, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.337109
Stephanosaurus Lambe, 1914, gen. nov.
No full textStephanosaurus, gen. nov. This genus is established for the reception of the species from the Belly River formation of Alberta, originally described, under the name of Trachodon marginatus, by the writer in 1902 * from a ramus of a lower jaw and a maxilla, and from the remains of one individual. With the species were provisionally associated other elements, notably a slender footed-ischium, which associations have since been proved to be correct by further material included in the collection of 1913 from the Belly River formation of Red Deer river. These additional remains, discovered by Mr. Charles H. Sternberg, are of two individuals to which the Writer has lately referred† in describing the integument of the species. With one of these specimens the skull reproduced in plate I is preserved. Part of another skull (collection of 1913), found separately, assists in elucidating the characters displayed by the more perfect skull, and provides additional evidence regarding some of those elements to whose great development is mainly due the surprising shape of the head of this species. *Contributions to Canadian Paleontology, Vol. III (quarto), pt. II. The skull of Stephanosaurus rises to a great height in front of and above the eye opening. In recently describing Gryposaurus, also from the Belly River formation of Alberta, the writer commented on the anterior depth of the skull occasioned by the height to which the nasal rose. In the skull of Stephanosaurus, however, the height attained by the nasals is proportionately twice as great as in Gryposaurus; the depth of the skull above its midlength is equal to its total length. Viewing the skull from the side, the facial outline is sigmoid, at first concave, ascending rapidly from the front until it is vertical, whence it continues upward and reaches a point directly above by an even convex curve; this, the highest point preserved in the specimen, is vertically above the midlength of the skull. The general slope of the head behind is rapidly downward to the squamosal, but as this part of the specimen is imperfect, the exact outline is unknown. The almost vertical quadrate and the sinuous horizontal contour of the slender mandible below complete the profile of the head. The orbit is small and its centre is below the midheight of the skull. The enlargement of the skull in front of and above the orbit is due to the great development mainly of the prefrontal and nasal bones, the latter of which rises upward in front of the prefrontal and passes backward over it and beyond it. This extension of the nasal beyond the upper limit of the prefrontal appears to be supported from below by the frontal, although this last bone has not been satisfactorily recognized. Above the prefrontal and the supposed frontal, the nasal points almost directly upward. In the specimen its upper termination has been broken off, but it probably formed with the other nasal a stout spine somewhat of the shape suggested by the dotted outline in the figure. The prefrontal is a large triangular bone with its base resting for the most part on the lachrymal, which latter is long and narrow, meets the jugal below, and posteriorly enters largely into the formation of the orbital rim. i? † The Ottawa. Naturalist, Vol. XXVII, No. 10, January, 1914 . By referring to the figure it will be seen that the maxilla, the jugal, the quadrato-jugal, the quadrate, and the mandible have much the same proportions as in Trachodon. The jugal is small, but it has the general shape characteristic of this element in all known members of the Trachodontidae. Anteriorly, the premaxilla is somewhat depressed, but laterally much expanded. Its upper surface, next to the median line of the head, is continued in a curve outward anteriorly and backward laterally as a marginal area enclosing a wide depression in advance of the long and narrow nasal opening. In the specimen, the outermost portion of the laterally expanded premaxilla is crushed down. The nasal opening is enclosed above by the nasal and below by a backwardly directed extension of the premaxilla. This extension, or lower limb, of the premaxilla passes along the upper front surface of the maxilla and abuts against the prefrontal. Above, posteriorly, it unites with the nasal behind the nasal opening in a short sutural contact. It is not known how far forward the nasal extends, as its suture with the premaxilla in front has not been detected. The squamosal is preserved in part, as shewn in the figure. The postfrontal is probably represented toward its anterior end, but here its limits are not recognized, and posteriorly the bone is imperfect. As in other members of the Trachodontidae, it no doubt contributed to the formation of the postorbital bar. The orbital opening is narrowly elliptical, with its longer diameter directed obliquely downward and forward. It is more than twice as long as wide. The lateral temporal fossa is larger than the orbit and is also longer than wide, with a similar obliquity of length. Detailed descriptions, with illustrations, of the maxilla, the mandible, the teeth, the ischium, the pubis, and the principal bones of the fore- and hind limbs of Stephanosaurus marginatus were published When the writer established the species in 1902. The characters of the integument are known from the writer's recent description (op. cit.). The nearest approach to Stephanosaurus is Saurolophus of Brown from a higher horizon of the Cretaceous of Alberta (Edmonton formation). In this latter genus the facial slope of the skull is about midway between that of Stephanosaurus and Trachodon. The upwardly directed nasal spine of Stephanosaurus may have heralded the backwardly sloping nasal crest of the later Edmonton dinosaur. The two genera appear to be closely allied and in both the footed form of ischium is present.Published as part of Lambe, LM, 1914, On a new genus and species of carnivorous dinosaur from the Belly River Formation of Alberta, with a description of the skull of Stephanosaurus marginatus from the same horizon, pp. 13-21 in The Ottawa Naturalist 28 on pages 17-19, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.337109
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koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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