1,720,957 research outputs found
Physiological and psychological stress responses in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
No full textAccording to self-report and unsystematic observational data adult patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder suffer from increased vulnerability to daily life stressors. The present study examined psychological and physiological stress responses in adult AND subjects in comparison to healthy controls under laboratory conditions. Thirty-six subjects (18 patients with DSM-IV ADHD diagnosis, 18 sex- and age-matched healthy controls) underwent the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST; Kirschbaum, C., Pirke, K.-M., Hellhammer, D.H., 1993. The "Trier Social Stress Test" -a tool. for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting. Neuropsychobiology 28, 76-81), a standardized psychosocial stress protocol which contains a stress anticipation phase and a stress phase with a free speech assignment and subsequent performance of a mental arithmetic. Physiological stress measures were salivary cortisol as an indicator of the HPA axis, heart rate (HR), and time- and frequency-domain heart rate variability (HRV) parameters. Subjective stress experience was measured via self-report repeatedly throughout the experimental session. In line with previous theoretical and empirical work in the field of childhood ADHD, it was hypothesized that the AND and control group would exhibit comparable baseline levels in all dependent variables. For AND subjects, we expected attenuated responses of the physiological parameters during anticipation and presence of the standardized stressor, but elevated subjective stress ratings. Hypotheses were confirmed for the baseline condition. Consistent with our assumptions in regard to the psychological stress response, the ADHD group experienced significantly greater subjective stress. The results for the physiological variables were mixed
Physiological and psychological stress responses in adult patients with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
No full textPsychological treatment of recurrent headache in children and adolescents - a meta-analysis
No full textPsychologically based interventions such as relaxation training, biofeedback and cognitive-behavioural therapy are increasingly discussed as options for the treatment of migraine and tension-type headache in children and adolescents. In order to determine the state of evidence regarding the efficacy of these treatments, a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies was conducted. In a comprehensive literature search including data from 1966 to 2004, 23 studies were found meeting the inclusion criteria. Due to the application of the random effects model, generalization of the results is possible. Specific statistical procedures were used to account for a possible publication bias. Significantly more patients improved to a clinically relevant extent (headache reduction >= 50%) in treatment conditions compared with waiting list conditions (high effect sizes). Long-term stability was also confirmed. The analysed treatments lead to improvement (up to 1 year) in headache status in children and adolescents with primary headache. However, more well-designed studies are needed to support and consolidate the conclusions of this meta-analysis and to compare the effects of psychological treatment with those of prophylactic medical interventions (in migraine), to examine potential differences between treatments, to identify moderators of efficacy and to determine effects of treatment on other health-related variables such as quality of life
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Attention-deficit/hyperacitvity disorder (ADHD) in adulthood: Stressreagibility and stress-related coping under laboratory conditions and in everyday life
No full textIn der wissenschaftlichen wie populärwissenschaftlichen Literatur zum Störungsbild der Aufmerksamkeitsdefizit-/Hyperaktivitätsstörung (ADHS) bei erwachsenen Patienten werden vielfach eine erhöhte Stressreagibilität und ein defizitäres stressbezogenes Coping bei den Betroffenen postuliert. Eine systematische empirische Überprüfung dieser Hypothesen, die auch aus etablierten Modellen der Störung theoretisch gut ableitbar sind, steht jedoch noch weitgehend aus. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist das Ziel der hier vorgelegten Arbeiten die Gegenüberstellung des subjektiven Stresserlebens, der physiologischen Stressantwort und der in der Konfrontation mit Alltagsstressoren angewandten Copingstrategien erwachsener ADHS-Patienten und gesunder Kontrollprobanden. Im ersten Kapitel der Arbeit wird eine kurze Einführung in epidemiologische Daten zur ADHS bei Erwachsenen sowie in allgemeine theoretische Annahmen zu den der Störung zugrundeliegenden Defiziten gegeben. Anknüpfend wird die Zielsetzung der hier präsentierten empirischen Studien formuliert. Das zweite Kapitel widmet sich zunächst der Ableitung von Annahmen zum subjektiven Stresserleben und zur physiologischen Stressreagibilität aus Modellen der ADHS. Im Anschluss wird ein kurzer Überblick über bisherige empirische Befunde zur Stressreagibilität vorrangig bei Kindern mit ADHS gegeben. Das Fehlen empirischer Studien, die sich mit erwachsenen Patienten mit diesem Störungsbild auseinander setzen, unterstreicht die Notwendigkeit der in Kapitel 2.2 vorgestellten eigenen Arbeit, die das subjektive Stresserleben und verschiedene physiologische Stressparameter dieser Patienten unter Laborbedingungen, d.h. bei Konfrontation mit einem standardisierten psychosozialen Stressor (Trier Social Stress Test; Kirschbaum, Pirke, & Hellhammer, 1993), untersucht. Das dritte Kapitel befasst sich mit der Frage der Relevanz der Laborbefunde zum Stresserleben für die Begegnung mit und Wahrnehmung von Alltagsstressoren bei erwachsenen ADHS-Patienten. Nach einem Überblick über die bisherige Datenlage bei Kindern und Erwachsenen mit ADHS wird eine weitere Originalarbeit präsentiert (Kapitel 3.2), die potenzielle Unterschiede im chronischen Stresserleben und im selbstberichteten stressbezogenen Coping bei Erwachsenen mit ADHS gegenüber gesunden Kontrollprobanden sowie Zusammenhänge der genannten Variablen mit Maßen spezifischer Aufmerksamkeitsfunktionen und mit der selbstberichteten Lebensqualität und zufriedenheit untersucht. Die Arbeit schließt ab mit einer zusammenfassenden Diskussion (Kapitel 4), die die vorgestellten Ergebnisse einer kritischen Reflexion unterzieht und Empfehlungen für künftige Studien formuliert.The examination of the literature on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults reveals that assumptions of an elevated vulnerability towards stressors and of deficits in functional stress-related coping in these patients are widespread and may also be derived from established theoretical models of the disorder. Because systematic empirical investigations of these hypotheses are almost completely lacking, the goal of the present dissertation is to systematically compare the subjective stress experience, physiological stress responses, and stress-related coping strategies of adult ADHD patients and healthy control subjects. In the first chapter, a short introduction is given to epidemiological data on ADHD in adults as well as to established model assumptions on the general deficits underlying the disorder s diverse symptom manifestations. Furthermore, the goals of the present work are summarized. In the second chapter, hypotheses with regard to the subjective stress experience and physiological stress reagibility are derived from two theoretical models of ADHD. A short overview on empirical work in the field of stress reagibility in children with ADHD is also given. The lack of empirical studies in adult ADHD patients underpins the necessity for the investigation presented in chapter 2.2 which examines subjective stress as well as various physiological stress measures in these subjects when confronted with a standardized psychosocial stressor under laboratory conditions (Trier Social Stress Test; Kirschbaum, Pirke, & Hellhammer, 1993). In the following chapter, questions regarding the relevance of these results for the experience of real life stressors in adults with ADHD are highlighted. After outlining the empirical data available so far, a study is presented (chapter 3.2) which investigates potential differences in chronic stress and coping with daily life stressors in adult ADHD patients as compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, associations of these parameters with attentional variables as well as self-reported quality of life and satisfaction with life were explored. The dissertation concludes with a general discussion of its implications and limitations (chapter 4), as well as recommendations for future research
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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