1,721,013 research outputs found
Mental imagery and memory : contributions from the embodied cognition paradigm
No full textCe travail de thèse s’ancre théoriquement dans une vision incarnée selon laquelle la récupération mnésique serait une simulation des expériences perceptives, motrices et introspectives de l’encodage. Nous avons donc cherché à démontrer que la pratique de l'imagerie mentale au moment de l'apprentissage permet d'activer une telle simulation pouvant, par la suite, être plus facilement rétablie au moment de la récupération, et ainsi favoriser les chances de remémoration. A travers les différentes expériences de cette thèse, cette hypothèse a été en partie corroborée en mettant en évidence un impact globalement positif de l’utilisation de stratégies d’imagerie mentale sur le rappel d’informations verbales. Nous avons pu confirmer l’existence d’un gradient d’efficacité mnésique suivant un continuum d’incarnation, allant de stratégies peu incarnées n’impliquant pas d’imagerie mentale (e.g., répétition mentale) à des stratégies plus incarnées impliquant une imagerie mentale des interactions sensorimotrices. La présence de ces éléments sensorimoteurs était d’autant plus utile s’ils étaient intégrés dans une situation cohérente (i.e., via l’imagerie motrice située). L’imagerie mentale s’est révélée aussi une stratégie pertinente pour la mémorisation de mots abstraits, ces derniers étant plus facilement récupérables en mémoire lorsque les processus de mémorisation sont explicitement orientés vers leur contenu expérientiel que lorsqu'ils sont orientés vers des caractéristiques plus linguistiques. Enfin, il était prévu que les bénéfices mnésiques issus d’une imagerie mentale incarnée puissent s’appliquer à des situations écologiques telles que l’apprentissage de concepts à l’université. Cependant, le fait d'explicitement demander aux participants d’imaginer des situations en lien avec les concepts ne les a pas aidés à mémoriser ces derniers comparé à une condition contrôle sans instruction explicite.This thesis is theoretically rooted in an embodied vision of memory retrieval as a simulation of the perceptual, motor and introspective experiences of encoding. We have therefore sought to demonstrate that the practice of mental imagery at the time of learning activates such a simulation, which can then be more easily reinstated at the time of retrieval, thus promoting the chances of recollection. This hypothesis has been partially corroborated by the various experiments carried out in this thesis, which have shown that the use of mental imagery strategies has an overall positive impact on the recall of verbal information. We were able to confirm the existence of a gradient of memory efficiency along a continuum of embodiment, ranging from less embodied strategies not involving mental imagery (e.g., mental rehearsal) to more embodied strategies involving mental imagery of sensorimotor interactions. The presence of these sensorimotor elements was all the more useful if they were integrated into a coherent situation (i.e., via situated motor imagery). Mental imagery also proved to be a relevant strategy for the memorization of abstract words, the latter being more easily retrieved from memory when memorization processes are explicitly oriented towards their experiential content than when they are oriented towards more linguistic features. Finally, it was anticipated that the memory benefits of embodied mental imagery could be applied to ecological situations such as learning concepts at university. However, explicitly asking participants to imagine situations related to the concepts did not help them memorize these concepts compared to a control condition without explicit instruction
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
De la manipulabilité à la méthodologie et vice-versa : un regard critique sur les pratiques expérimentales dans l'étude des représentations d'objets
No full textL'idée que la cognition est incarnée et que les systèmes sensori-moteurs jouent un rôle central dans ses différents processus a eu un impact majeur sur notre compréhension actuelle de l’organisation et de la représentation des connaissances. Bien qu'elle ait gagné un soutien important au fil des années, cette approche a également suscité de nombreux débats et critiques. Une partie des désaccords provient notamment de résultats empiriques qui semblent difficiles à concilier avec certaines de ses prémices centrales. Cette thèse se focalise sur une partie de cette littérature qui est fréquemment citée en faveur d’un ancrage multimodal des connaissances, à savoir les études sur le rôle des informations motrices dans la reconnaissance et le traitement des objets manipulables. A travers une revue étendue et détaillée, nous soutenons que les résultats sur ce sujet restent largement non concluants, en partie en raison de problèmes de validité méthodologique. L'objectif de cette thèse est de remettre en question une pratique répandue en particulier : l'utilisation de normes de type Likert (variables subjectives) pour la sélection et le contrôle des stimuli. Nous commençons par une investigation générale de la fiabilité et de la validité des variables subjectives, et présentons un certain nombre d'implications importantes pour les études qui les utilisent. À la lumière de ce premier travail, nous nous penchons ensuite sur l’opérationnalisation de la manipulabilité des objets et proposons une analyse et une discussion approfondies de ses diverses définitions dans la littérature. Nous présentons enfin de nouvelles normes de manipulabilité pour des mots français qui nous permettent de comparer directement les résultats obtenus à travers différentes consignes, et ainsi de complémenter nos analyses sur leurs validités respectives. Nos résultats révèlent globalement une utilisation très flexible et souvent inappropriée des variables subjectives, ce qui complique les comparaisons entre les études et affecte directement la validité des expériences. Ils fournissent en outre un éclairage essentiel sur les propriétés des évaluations de type Likert, nous permettant ainsi de proposer des recommandations pour des pratiques plus robustes et des pistes pour de futures recherches.The view that cognition is embodied and that sensory-motor systems play a central role in its various processes has had a major impact on our current understanding of how knowledge is organised and represented. Despite having gathered substantial support over the years, this account has nevertheless been extensively debated and criticised. Some of the disagreements notably stem from empirical findings that appear difficult to reconcile with some of its core premises. The current work focuses on a subset of this literature that is frequently cited in support of multimodal knowledge representations, namely on studies investigating the role of motor information in the recognition and processing of manipulable objects. Through a broad and critical review, we argue that the evidence on this topic remains largely inconclusive, partly due to issues with methodological validity. The goal of this thesis is to question one widespread practice in particular: the use of Likert-type scale ratings (subjective variables) for stimulus selection and control. We start with a general investigation of the reliability and validity of subjective variables, and lay out a number of important implications for the studies using them. Armed with new insights about what such ratings represent, we then turn to how object manipulability has been operationally defined in the literature and offer an in-depth analysis and discussion of its different assessments. Finally, we present a new set of manipulability ratings for French words that we use to directly compare the results obtained through different rating instructions and to discuss their respective validities further. Overall, our results reveal a highly flexible and often inappropriate use of subjective variables, which both complicates cross-study comparisons and directly affects the validity of experiments. They additionally provide critical insights into the properties of Likert-type ratings, allowing us to propose recommendations for more robust practices and avenues for further inquiry
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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