1,721,226 research outputs found
La coopération au cœur des dispositifs de gestion des races locales
No full textLa gestion des races locales repose sur des dispositifs coopératifs qui sont aujourd’hui au cœur de différentes tensions (libéralisation des marchés de la génétique, diminution des financements publics, développement de nouvelles technologies). Or ces races locales sont des biens communs et le maintien de leur diversité est un enjeu pour assurer un développement durable des capacités d’élevage dans le futur. Cet article vise à comprendre sur quoi repose la coopération au sein des dispositifs de gestion de ces races, et quelles sont les initiatives et innovations sociales qui peuvent être développées pour la favoriser. Le cas étudié ici est celui des races locales de brebis laitières dans les Pyrénées-Atlantiques, dont les schémas de sélection ont fait l’objet de difficultés de coopération. Après avoir défini différents « régimes de sélection » se succédant dans le temps et rentrant parfois en conflit autour de la même ressource, nous analysons trois dimensions de ces dispositifs coopératifs (la conception et les usages des outils de sélection, les activités collectives de qualification, le marché des reproducteurs). Nous concluons par la présentation de différentes démarches innovantes pour favoriser la coopération et redéfinir un projet partagé autour de la gestion de ces ressources.The preservation and genetic improvement of local breeds relies on cooperative and distributed organizations, which are facing increasing tensions (liberalization of breeding markets, decrease in public funding, development of genomic technologies, etc.). Local breeds are common goods and their diversity is a major asset for the sustainable development of livestock systems in the future. This article aims at understanding cooperation difficulties in the management of local breeds, and what types of social innovations and initiatives can be drawn to favour this cooperation. We analyse the case of local milk sheep breeds in the Western Pyrenees, where cooperation for their management is at stake. First, we define several breeding regimes and identify how they are sometimes conflicting around a same resource. Then, we define three important dimensions for cooperation in the management of local breeds (the design and uses of breeding tools, qualification activities, and markets for breeding animals). We conclude in presenting several innovative initiatives to favour cooperation and define a shared project for the management of such animal resources
Gestion de races comme bien commun : l’expérience de la Manex tête noire
No full textEn Pyrénées-Atlantiques, le schéma de sélection de la race ovine Manex tête noire s'est fortement inspiré de celui utilisé pour la race Lacaune (production de Roquefort). Or, des critiques sont peu à peu apparues : sélection trop ciblée sur la production pour certains mais pas assez pour d'autres, moins bonne adaptation à la transhumance, perte du standard esthétique de la race… Un diagnostic a alors été entrepris. Il a montré que le modèle de sélection de la Lacaune n'était pas applicable au système transhumant de la Manex tête noire et pouvait influencer les pratiques des éleveurs, que deux systèmes de sélection se développaient en parallèle, et que le standard esthétique des animaux avait une importance non négligeable pour les éleveurs. Suite à cela, une association de défense de la race s'est créée et un projet collectif a été mis en place, avec l'accompagnement de l'Inra
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Coopérer pour gérer des races locales : conception, rôles et usages des instruments scientifiques de sélection
No full textLa gestion des ressources génétiques animales domestiques, et notamment des races locales, est aujourd’hui au cœur d’une actualité renouvelée qui met en question les modes de pilotage des dispositifs coopératifs sur lesquels cette gestion repose et les difficultés de coopération susceptibles de les fragiliser. À partir d’une démarche de recherche-intervention autour de la sélection des races ovines laitières locales des Pyrénées-Atlantiques, cet article identifie différentes dimensions de la coopération pour la gestion de races animales à travers l’étude de la conception, des usages et des effets inattendus des instruments scientifiques, techniques et de gestion conçus pour gérer ces races. Trois dimensions d’analyse sont développées : les tensions entre conception et usages des instruments scientifiques ; les tensions entre évaluation par les instruments scientifiques et évaluation par les éleveurs dans les activités de qualification des animaux ; la variété des stratégies des éleveurs sur le marché de la génétique. Cette approche par l’analyse des usages des instruments permet également de cerner des pistes d’action pour les gestionnaires de ces dispositifs.The management of domestic animal genetic resources is a topic of pressing concern given developing trends such as the liberalization of genetic resources markets, the increasing number of patents and intellectual property rights and the withdrawal of governments from the organization and control of breeding activities. Managing territorialized common goods of this nature calls for cooperative mechanisms involving a wider range of actors than so far. How to steer these mechanisms and handle crises in cooperation that can impede them, is crucial tomaintaining biodiversity. This article proposes an analytical framework to analyze and facilitate cooperation in distributed breeding organizations. This framework is the result of an intervention research into breeding organizations for three local breeds ofmilk sheep in theWestern-Pyrenees. By investigating the design and uses of scientific, technical and management instruments on which breeding activities and organization rely, we identified three dimensions to be considered in the analysis of cooperation for animal resources management: a) tensions between the design and uses of scientific instruments for genetic gain achievement; b) tensions between the evaluation of animals using scientific instruments and the evaluation of animals based on breeder know-how in qualifying animal common resources; c) diversity of farmer strategies and functioning of the market for breeding goods and services resulting from the activities conducted in the two previous dimensions (production of genetic gain, qualification of the common resources)
The Holstein cow as an institution of the agricultural modernisation project: commodity or common good?
No full textValuation of life: genetic models and the making of markets
No full textHow do we give value to living things and intangible goods ? One of the major illustrations of the economisation of nature is the development of animal semen markets for improving worldwide livestock production. Scientific and technological developments (artificial insemination, evaluation of animal genetic worth through scientific models and genetic indexes, and more recently genomics) have contributed to this process. While use of the term ‘life merchandizing’ is recent, the practice of improving and commercializing breeds of domestic animals has been a part of the modernization of agriculture for a long time. This paper analyses some key development from the 18th to the 20th century and addresses such questions as how animal genetics became a commodity, how it was evaluated and what role scientific tools played in this process.Quel prix attribuer au vivant et aux biens immatériels ? Le développement de marchés de la génétique animale (spermes, embryons, etc.) visant l’amélioration de la production mondiale constitue un des principaux exemples de l’économisation de la nature. Différentes innovations scientifiques et techniques (insémination artificielle, évaluation de la valeur génétique animale via des modèles scientifiques et des index génétiques, plus récemment la génomique) ont contribué à ce processus. Mais si l’expression « marchandisation du vivant » est récente, l’amélioration et le commerce de la génétique des animaux d’élevage sont l’un des piliers historiques de la modernisation de l’agriculture. Comment la génétique des animaux est-elle devenue un bien marchand ? Comment a-t-elle été évaluée ? Quel est le rôle des outils scientifiques dans ce processus ? Cet article vise à mettre en avant quelques aspects clés de celui-ci, du xviiie au xxe siècle
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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