1,720,953 research outputs found
El TARGA como factor determinante en el tamaño del reservorio y la diversidad de los genes accesorios y reguladores del provirus del VIH-1
No full textIntroducción. El tratamiento antirretroviral de gran actividad (TARGA) ha reducido de manera significativa la morbilidad y mortalidad para millones de pacientes que viven con el VIH/SIDA. Sin embargo, las mutaciones generadas por las proteínas reverso-transcriptasa (RT) del virus y la enzima de edición del ARN mensajero: apolipoproteina B (APOBEC) de la célula hospedera, son responsables de la evasión del sistema inmune intrínseco y de la falla al tratamiento antirretroviral. El estudio de las mutaciones del VIH asociadas con la resistencia a los antirretrovirales se ha enfocado principalmente en el gen de la polimerasa (pol) que codifica para las enzimas virales proteasa, reverso-transcriptasa e integrasa, que son esenciales para la formación y la replicación del VIH. Sin embargo, el estudio de las mutaciones de los genes virales accesorios como vif, nef, vpr y vpu que son de gran importancia para la evasión de las restricciones celulares a patógenos intracelulares y de los genes tat y rev que regulan las primeras etapas de la transcripción y la traducción de las proteínas virales, es limitado con respecto a su diversidad genómica en los pacientes con y sin tratamiento antirretroviral. Objetivo. Determinar la diversidad de los genes accesorios vif, nef, vpr y vpu, y de los genes reguladores tat y rev del provirus del VIH-1, bajo la presión selectiva de los fármacos antirretrovirales, en pacientes con y sin falla al TARGA, así como en pacientes sin tratamiento. Metodología. Se realizó la determinación cuantitativa del VIH integrado en el genoma del hospedero (provirus) por qPCR a partir de las PBMCs de los 3 grupos de pacientes infectados con VIH: 24 pacientes sin TARGA, 38 pacientes sin falla al TARGA y 7 pacientes con falla al TARGA. Las secuencias provirales de los 4 genes accesorios vif, nef, vpr y vpu y de los 2 genes reguladores tat y rev se obtuvieron por la técnica de Sanger. Se utilizaron los programas MEGA, SimPlot v3.5.1, Statgraphic v15, Muscle y ViPR, para el análisis filogenético comparativo de las secuencias de los 6 genes virales entre los grupos de estudio. Para el análisis filogenético de cada gen, se realizó el análisis de la diversidad y del polimorfismo de los dominios funcionales, así como la diversidad promedio del conjunto y la distancia genómica. Las secuencias de los genes vif, nef, vpr, vpu, tat y rev de los pacientes sin tratamiento se registraron en la base de datos de secuencias genéticas de los Institutos Nacionales de Salud de los EUA (NIH) GenBank. Resultados. Se obtuvieron 184 secuencias provirales de los genes accesorios y reguladores de 24 pacientes sin tratamiento antirretroviral. No fue posible obtener las secuencias de los mismos genes de los pacientes con tratamiento, por lo que se optó por utilizar secuencias previamente reportadas en la base de datos de GenBank para el análisis comparativo entre el grupo de pacientes con y sin tratamiento. Donde se encontró un tendencia a agruparse de ambos grupos en los árboles filogenéticos, una mayor similitud a la secuencia de referencia (HXB2), así como un mayor polimorfismo en los pacientes sin tratamiento con respecto a los pacientes con tratamiento; con la excepción del gen rev que mostró una diferencia filogenética, una disimilitud y un polimorfismo mayor y significativo en pacientes con tratamiento. Conclusiones. Este trabajo aporta información sobre la diversidad de los genes accesorios y reguladores del VIH en pacientes con y sin tratamiento antirretroviral. Estos pacientes presentaron características clínicas (CV, CPV y CD4) que concuerdan con lo reportado por otros autores, lo que puede significar que existe una correlación de la CPV y la probabilidad para amplificar y secuenciar partes del genoma viral. Existe una dispersión (variabilidad) de los taxa en el grupo de los pacientes sin tratamiento. El análisis de variabilidad concuerda con investigaciones previas donde se demuestra que los pacientes con tratamiento tienen una baja diversidad en el genoma proviral, con excepción del gen rev, ya que este gen presentó, en pacientes con tratamiento, un agrupamiento filogenético, una disimilitud y polimorfismo que es estadísticamente diferente a los pacientes sin tratamiento por lo que tiene que ser corroborado con estudios subsecuentes. En este estudio se realizó por primera vez un análisis comparativo de la diversidad de los genes accesorios y reguladores del VIH en pacientes mexicanos sin tratamiento antirretroviral
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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