143 research outputs found
La configurabilità del lavoro autonomo su piattaforma digitale
No full textIn recent years, various models of work on digital platforms have been introduced with the aim of protecting employment even in the absence of subordination. According to the Author, the recent legislative initiatives recognize that the digital infrastructure plays a significant role in conditioning the way work is carried out even in cases where the employment contract is formally qualified as self-employed. Except for those cases in which platforms are regarded as mere intermediaries in the labour market, all the schemes of legislative origin delineate platform work according to patterns that are essentially incompatible with those of self-employment
Una prima applicazione del capo V-bis, d. lgs. n. 81/2015 per la tutela della salute dei ciclofattorini di fronte all'epidemia di Covid-19.
No full textThe article analyzes the decisions by which the Courts of Florence and Bologna ordered two delivery companies to supply their riders with masks, gloves and gel in adequate amount to ensure
safe working conditions. The Author focuses on the legal basis of this obligation, which may be founded on art. 2 or art. 47-bis ff., legislative decree no. 81/2015, and recognizes in the measures
analyzed an innovative interpretation of the chapter V-bis, legislative decree no. 81/2015. Finally, some remarks are made on the anti-Covid safety measures that must be guaranteed to riders according to the provisions on Health and Safety and others emergency regulations
Il luogo per l’esercizio dei diritti sindacali: l’unità produttiva nell’impresa frammentata
No full textIt is a common opinion that the effectiveness of the freedom of association need to be supported by the possibility for trade unions and workers to exercise collective rights within the places where the work is carried out. Among the legislative criteria that enable effective union action at the firm’s level, a central role is played by the “business unit”, around which the collective interest promoted by the law can be developed.The Author tries to shape the interpretation of the “business unit” laid down by case-law to the features of fragmented business organizations such as digital platforms. The area identified in art. 35 of the Workers’ Statute can be declined in different forms, following the peculiarity of the gig economy. Moreover, it is also suggested that platform workers should be counted to satisfy the threshold required for the application of the Workers' statute.Existe una opinión compartida de que la efectividad de la libertad sindical sólo es plena si va acompañada de la posibilidad de que el sindicato y los trabajadores individuales se beneficien de los derechos colectivos en los lugares donde se lleva a cabo el trabajo. Entre los criterios reguladores que permiten la eficacia de la acción sindical a nivel de la empresa, un papel central lo desempeña la unidad de producción, que es el eje sobre el que se puede desarrollar el interés colectivo protegido y promovido por la ley.La A. explora algunas formas de adaptar los criterios de interpretación de la unidad de producción dentro de las organizaciones empresariales más extendidas, como las de las plataformas digitales.Existe un amplio margen para adaptar el alcance identificado en el art. 35 de lo Estatudo de los Trabajadores a las características específicas de los procesos de producción de la gig economy. Además, se sugiere la posibilidad de ampliar la cuenca de referencia para el cálculo de los trabajadores.É opinione condivisa che l’effettività della libertà sindacale sia piena soltanto se accompagnata dalla possibilità per il sindacato e per i singoli lavoratori di beneficiare dei diritti collettivi nelle sedi in cui viene svolto il lavoro. Tra i criteri normativi che permettono lo svolgimento dell’azione sindacale al livello dell’impresa ha un ruolo centrale l’unità produttiva che costituisce il perno attorno cui si può sviluppare l’interesse collettivo protetto e promosso dall’ordinamento.L’A. esplora alcuni percorsi di adattamento dei criteri interpretativi dell’unità produttiva entro organizzazioni imprenditoriali diffuse come quelle delle piattaforme digitali. Si riscontrano ampie possibilità di adeguamento dell’ambito individuato dall’art. 35 St. Lav. rispetto alle specificità dei processi produttivi della gig economy, e si giunge a ipotizzare altresì un possibile ampliamento del bacino di riferimento per il computo dei lavoratori
L'art. 15 e oltre. La nullità nel diritto antidiscriminatorio
No full textThe essay investigates the role of nullity of discriminatory acts, introduced by art. 15, Act n. 300/1970, during the years following its approval and nowadays. Despite the weakness of the nullity with regard to the need to provide effective, proportional and dissuasive sanctions (due to the EU legislation), a new space for the sanction selected by Workers’ Statute could derive from the use of the ex officio detection of defects by the judge. The author highlights that the shortcomings of the declaration of nullity for what concern the effectiveness of the protection, are common to other inhibitory-constitutive sanctions. The most relevant difference among sanctions is rather to be found between those that lead to the creation of a new legal obligation for the employer, and those that present compulsive and dissuasive functions
An accessory protease inhibitor to increase the yield and quality of a tumour-targeting mAb in nicotiana benthamiana leaves
No full textThe overall quality of recombinant IgG antibodies in plants is dramatically compromised by host endogenous proteases. Different approaches have been developed to reduce the impact of endogenous proteolysis on IgGs, notably involving site-directed mutagenesis to eliminate protease-susceptible sites or the in situ mitigation of host protease activities to minimize antibody processing in the cell secretory pathway. We here characterized the degradation profile of H10, a human tumour-targeting monoclonal IgG, in leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana also expressing the human serine protease inhibitor α1 -antichymotrypsin or the cysteine protease inhibitor tomato cystatin SlCYS8. Leaf extracts revealed consistent fragmentation patterns for the recombinant antibody regardless of leaf age and a strong protective effect of SlCYS8 in specific regions of the heavy chain domains. As shown using an antigen-binding ELISA and LC-MS/MS analysis of antibody fragments, SlCYS8 had positive effects on both the amount of fully-assembled antibody purified from leaf tissue and the stability of biologically active antibody fragments containing the heavy chain Fc domain. Our data confirm the potential of Cys protease inhibitors as convenient antibody-stabilizing expression partners to increase the quality of therapeutic antibodies in plant protein biofactories. © 2016 Jutras et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited
Correction: Vitamin D status and supplementation before and after Bariatric Surgery: Recommendations based on a systematic review and meta‑analysis
No full textThe article “Vitamin D status and supplementation before and after Bariatric Surgery: Recommendations based on a systematic review and meta‐analysis”, written by Andrea Giustina, Luigi di Filippo, Antonio Facciorusso, Robert A. Adler, Neil Binkley, Jens Bollerslev, Roger Bouillon, Felipe F. Casanueva, Giulia Martina Cavestro, Marlene Chakhtoura, Caterina Conte, Lorenzo M. Donini, Peter R. Ebeling, Angelo Fassio, Stefano Frara, Claudia Gagnon, Giovanni Latella, Claudio Marcocci, Jeffrey I. Mechanick, Salvatore Minisola, René Rizzoli, Ferruccio Santini, Joseph L. Shaker, Christopher Sempos, Fabio Massimo Ulivieri, Jyrki K. Virtanen, Nicola Napoli, Anne L. Schafer, John P. Bilezikian, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal on September 04, 2023 without open access. With the author(s)’ decision to opt for Open Choice the copyright of the article changed on September 09, 2023 to © The Author(s) 2023 and the article is forthwith distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0. The original article has been corrected
Alcune riflessioni sulla presunzione di subordinazione della Direttiva Piattaforme
No full textThe author offers a brief comment on the European Commission's proposal for a directive on improving working conditions in platform work, and on its impact in the European Union and Italian legal systems. In particular, the focus is on the 'legal presumption' that could be introduced to address the problem of misclassification of the labour relationship of the platform workers.El autor ofrece un breve comentario sobre la propuesta de directiva de la Comisión Europea para mejorar las condiciones de trabajo en las plataformas, en relación con el impacto en el sistema jurídico italiano y de la UE. En particular, se centra en la "presunción legal" que podría introducirse tras la aprobación de la directiva para abordar el problema de la clasificación errónea de la relación laboral de los trabajadores de plataforma.L'Autrice svolge alcune riflessioni in merito alla proposta di direttiva della Commissione europea per il miglioramento delle condizioni di lavoro su piattaforma, con riguardo all'impatto nel sistema giuridico italiano e dell'Unione europea. In particolare, l'attenzione si concentra sulla "presunzione legale" che, nel disegno della Commissione, dovrebbe ridurre il problema dell'errata classificazione del rapporto di lavoro dei platform workers
Pierluigi Donini: Commentary and Tradition. Aristotelianism, Platonism, and Post-Hellenistic Philosophy
No full textContribution to epidemiological study of listeria infections as zoonosis by food cause
No full textPesquisa bibliográfica dos últimos vinte anos com o objetivo de identificar os dados disponíveis publicados na literatura técnica e científica sobre a composição biológica, médica, sanitária e epidemiológica da Listeria monocytogenes e listeriose.A bibliographic research was made in the last twenty years with the objective of identifying the available data published in the, technical and scientific literature about the biological, medical, health and epidemiological makeup of the Listeria monocytogenes and listeriosis. This research aims to demonstrate the importance and the inner-matters with involve the listeriosis such as zoonotic foodborne disease. Scientific aspects as well as of technical and administrative nature were approached. The author\'s conclusions portray the listeriosis as a warring and emerging health problem at a large scale. The knowledge of this disease is dimmed by the etiologic agent and diagnosis. The transmission by food supplied by animal resources is highlighted some precautions should be prescribed to the population in order to minimize the occurrence and consequences among the people
Secondo la Cassazione francese Uber è datore di lavoro
No full textThe Author proposes a comment on the ruling of the French Court of Cassation of 4 March 2020 which decides to reclassify the contractual relationship between Uber and a driver as an employment contract. According to the Court, Uber unilaterally determines the terms and conditions of the transportation service to which the driver participates, reducing his ability to freely organize his activity. These elements characterise the existence of a employer-employee relationship between Uber and the driver. The decision follows the settled French case-law regarding the lien de subordination and, among a group of different indices able to lead to the assessment of subordination, gives to the “service organisé criterion” a prevailing role. The Author offers a comparison between the index of the service organisè used by the French Uber judgment and the idea of the “employer-organized work” introduced by the Italian legislator to widen the scope of the labour legislation. She finds relevant similarities: they both lead to appreciate the existence of a productive structure organised by the entrepreneur which defines entirely the conditions of performing the job, leaving no control to the worker. And through this path, they both allow the application of the employment protections to platform workers. In the light of the interpretation offered, very little space remains for the application of the special rules for platform self-employed workers introduced by recent legislative reforms in France and Italy. These provisions should apply to the sectors of home delivery of goods and passenger transport in urban contexts: in these areas, the ability of the digital platforms to organise the service is so strong that it regularly affects the way work is carried out and therefore it can easily drive to qualify the relationship between the digital platform and the worker as an employment contract.El autor analiza la sentencia del Tribunal de Casación francés que calificó el contrato de trabajo de un conductor de Uber en los términos de la subordinación. Según el Tribunal, Uber determina unilateralmente las condiciones del servicio de transporte en el que participa el conductor, lo que reduce su capacidad de organizar libremente su actividad y determina así la existencia de una relación laboral. La sentencia tiene elementos de continuidad con la orientación jurisprudencial francesa de la legitimidad en el ámbito del derecho de prenda de subordinación, pero difiere de ella en la valoración del índice de servicio organizado. El autor propone una comparación entre este criterio y el de la heterogeneidad introducida por el legislador italiano para ampliar el ámbito de protección de los trabajadores. El papel central en ambos sistemas de la verificación de la existencia de una organización productiva de otros, de la que se derivan normas para la realización de trabajos sobre los que el proveedor de servicios no tiene dominio. En la lectura que se ofrece, queda muy poco espacio para la aplicación de las normas especiales para el trabajo por cuenta propia a través de la plataforma en Francia e Italia. Estas disposiciones deberían aplicarse a los ámbitos de la entrega a domicilio de mercancías y el transporte de pasajeros en contextos urbanos: en estos ámbitos, sin embargo, la capacidad de las plataformas digitales para organizar el servicio es tan fuerte que influye regularmente en la forma en que se realiza el trabajo y, por lo tanto, parece incompatible con una verdadera autonomía de la relación.L’Autrice propone un commento alla sentenza della Corte di cassazione francese che ha qualificato il contratto di lavoro di un autista di Uber nei termini della subordinazione. Secondo la Corte, Uber determina unilateralmente i termini e le condizioni del servizio di trasporto a cui l'autista partecipa, riducendo la sua capacità di organizzare liberamente l’attività e in tal modo determinando l'esistenza di un rapporto di lavoro subordinato. La sentenza presenta elementi di continuità con l’orientamento giurisprudenziale francese di legittimità in tema di lien de subordination, ma se ne differenzia per la valorizzazione dell’indice del service organisé. L’Autrice propone un confronto tra tale criterio e quello dell’eterorganizzazione introdotto dal legislatore italiano per ampliare il campo di applicazione delle tutele per il lavoro dipendente. Se ne ricava la centralità in entrambi gli ordinamenti della verifica in merito all’esistenza di un’organizzazione produttiva altrui, dalla quale discendono regole per lo svolgimento del lavoro su cui il prestatore non ha alcun dominio. Nella lettura offerta, ben poco spazio rimane per l’applicazione delle regole speciali destinate al lavoro autonomo tramite piattaforma in Francia e in Italia. Queste disposizioni dovrebbero applicarsi ai settori della consegna a domicilio di merci e del trasporto passeggeri in contesti urbani: in questi ambiti, tuttavia, la capacità delle piattaforme digitali di organizzare il servizio è talmente forte da influenzare regolarmente il modo in cui il lavoro viene svolto e apparire pertanto incompatibile con una genuina autonomia del rapporto
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