1,720,980 research outputs found
Sottoprodotti e cessazione della qualifica di rifiuto. Incertezze nozionali e problemi applicativi: prima di tutto, una questione di fonti
No full textFra le molte forze centrifughe che tendono a rompere il «cerchio perfetto» dell’economia circolare figura anche la difficoltà di sostituire materie prime vergini, come pure semilavorati o prodotti, con residui di produzione (c.d. sottoprodotti) o con rifiuti recuperati mediante processi end of waste a causa di un sistema di regole palesemente non adeguate. Le ambiguità lessicali e le incertezze nozionali che affliggono la materia - sintomo evidente di una profonda crisi delle fonti, in particolare secondarie - generano incertezza e, a parità di fattispecie, possono dare la stura a decisioni difformi e ad un inevitabile aumento del contenzioso, con conseguenze a dir poco devastanti per un sistema produttivo che, viceversa, chiede certezze normative ed applicative. Ciò ha finito per aprire la strada ad una congerie di atti i più disparati (circolari, linee guida, interpelli, ecc.), talvolta anche di provenienza regionale, ascritti in genere al c.d. soft law oppure alle c.d. «fonti terziarie», che evocano questioni tuttora dibattute relativamente non solo alla loro eventuale prescrittività e vincolatività, ma anche, in alcuni casi, relativamente alla loro stessa ammissibilità e legittimità. Da qui, l’esigenza di ‘risalire la china’, ovvero di individuare meccanismi attraverso i quali conferire vincolatività ad un sistema di regole che ad oggi ne è privo
Norme tecniche ambientali e 'remore' del legislatore. Quando il diritto si misura con la scienza
No full textThe study of ecosystems as «complex, adaptive systems» and of their resilience offers knowledge that is not only liable to eventually stand corrected, but is also often expressed in terms of probabilistic or even hypothetical risk. The acquisition of scientific data by the policy-makers must precede the decisions on the an and quomodo of the safeguard measures and entails the designation of ‘adequate bearers’ of scientific knowledge. The test of «scientific reasonableness» for the lawmakers’ choices leaves unsolved the knots concerning the selection criteria for the experts and the breadth of the range from which opinions should be heard
La realizzazione dei parchi eolici off-shore in Italia: quis, quid, ubi, quibus auxiliis, cur, quomodo, quando?
Get PDFSebbene le fonti energetiche rinnovabili siano da anni oggetto di particolare interesse da parte del legislatore, stante il loro ruolo fondamentale in chiave di affrancamento dalle fonti fossili e di riduzione delle emissioni di gas serra, ad oggi nessuno dei parchi eolici off-shore per i quali è stato avviato l’iter per il rilascio dei titoli abilitativi (una ventina circa) è stato realizzato.
Contribuisce sicuramente a questa situazione un impianto normativo, frutto di successive stratificazioni nel tempo, che disegna un iter autorizzatorio molto articolato (c’è chi parla di «procedimento di procedimenti», perché risultante dalla sommatoria di subprocedimenti autonomi ed a loro volta complessi) e tuttavia spesso lacunoso (ad esempio sui criteri localizzativi degli impianti), e non sempre limpido (così in ordine al riparto di competenze per il rilascio dei diversi provvedimenti). Tutti fattori, peraltro, che favoriscono l’instaurarsi di contenziosi in sede giurisdizionale, che hanno l’effetto di rallentare, quando non di bloccare, la realizzazione dei progetti.
Da qui l’esigenza – della quale sembra comunque avvertito anche il legislatore più recente – di ripensare, semplificando e razionalizzando, le procedure autorizzatorie, come pure di introdurre criteri localizzativi che, operando ex ante, consentano di arrivare a scelte il più possibile condivise, anche al fine di disinnescare conflitti socio-ambientali altrimenti quasi inevitabili.Although – given their fundamental role in reducing the dependency on fossil fuels and the emissions of greenhouse gases – renewable energy sources have been drawing great interest from the legislators over the past years, none of the around twenty planned off-shore wind farms for which the procedure for permit release was started have been installed.
Surely, a legislative framework built from subsequent stratifications is a significant contributor to such a situation. The procedure to obtain the necessary authorizations is deeply intricate (some refer to it as a «procedure of procedures», as it is a collection of autonomous sub-procedures, each one complex in its own right) and, at the same time, often lacking (such as in the case of the location criteria for wind farms) and not always straightforward (such as in the case for the assignment of competence regarding the release of the various authorizations). All these factors promote the onset of jurisdictional
struggles, which can slow down – if not block altogether – the completion of the projects.
Hence the need – of which the most recent legislators appear to be aware – to rethink, simplify and rationalize the authorization procedures and to introduce location criteria that – by operating ex ante – may allow to come to decisions shared by most or all of the parties involved, therefore defusing social and environmental conflicts that may have otherwise been almost inevitable
THE PROTECTION OF POSIDONIA OCEANICA (L.) DELILE AND THE MANAGEMENT OF ITS BEACH-CAST LEAVES. THE ITALIAN JURIDICAL FRAMEWORK.
No full textThe work aims at reconstructing the complex network of rules that, also due to the implementation of obligations accepted at the international and european level, our legal system sets up for the protection of Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile in the sea and for the management of the beach-cast leaves ashore, highlighting the many unsolved, highly problematic knots.
For what concerns the protection in the sea, the laws protecting Posidonia as a species and as a habitat can only apply to clearly defined areas, outside of which the protection needs must be weighed against the other interests at stake – chiefly those related to the economic and social development.
As for the management of beach-cast Posidonia, the few interventions of the state legislator have left over the years a fragmentary and lacking legislative framework, the lacunae of which have been filled by ministerial circulars and guidelines, in a substitute operation that, however valuable, has made even more evident the need of a specific discipline.
The Regions as well have intervened on the subject matter, not only by means of circulars, guidelines and alike, but also through laws. It is the case of the Region of Sardinia, which, with regional law no.1/2020, has tried to introduce some rules aiming at giving priority to on-site preservation or recovery. However, many of these rules did not overcome the scrutiny of the Constitutional Court (Judgment no.86 of 2021).
The latest addition to this framework is Article 5 of Law no.60/2022, the so-called Legge Salvamare (Sea-saving Law), which, once again, appears still far from providing the long-coveted, well-structured rules
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Le politiche energetiche e climatiche al cospetto della crisi: la transizione energetica tra tensioni interne e shock geopolitici
No full textIl contributo analizza la tenuta della convergenza tra politiche energetiche e politiche climatiche, nel contesto della transizione energetica e della strategia di decarbonizzazione promossa dal Green Deal europeo, a fronte della crisi energetica alimentata dagli shock geopolici contemporanei. Lo scritto evidenzia altresì alcune tensioni interne al programma di decarbonizzazione del settore energetico, messe in luce da alcune misure varate a livello sovranazionale e nazionale, e il contributo del settore pubblico (sul piano della regolamentazione) e del settore privato al paradigma economico circolare
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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