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Obscenity, Sex and Morality:An Argument Started with the Controversy in Gin Gin Gay Bookstore Case
No full text到底什麼是刑法235條所規制的「猥褻物品」？對於猥褻物品的定義，釋字407號、釋字617號都試圖在回答這個問題。然而就其所提出的猥褻定義，卻仍是問題重重，在實務上引起相當多的爭議與困難，例如晶晶書庫案的猥褻爭議即為一例。本文認為，問題正是在於實務上認定刑法235條所保護的法益為社會風化的緣故，而所謂的風化，即社會主流的性道德；而這樣的法益保護觀使得向來的猥褻概念，也是糾結、纏繞著風化概念而共生。因此本文並非是重蹈覆轍地去尋求對「猥褻物品」的最佳定義，而是跳脫以上的定義問題，去尋求以刑法作為手段來維護道德的合理性問題，於此指的尤其是所謂的「性道德」。 本文將藉由哈特與德弗林的辯論，討論在什麼樣的情況下國家有權以刑法作為手段來限制個人自由，進而引出以自由主義的「傷害原則」作為個人自由行使的界限，以及刑法規範與道德規範的界分。但傷害原則在適用上不免有模糊之處，尤其在面對猥褻物品所造成的「性道德」傷害時，典型反應是一般人噁心、羞恥等的感覺，本文將藉由瑪莎‧納思邦在《逃避人性：噁心、羞恥與法律》一書中的分析，去論證諸如噁心或羞恥的情感，是不適當被評價為刑法上所保障的傷害，從而也不應作為刑法所保護的情感，是以訴諸該些情感的猥褻定義和背後所保障的社會風化，亦不具有正當性，否則刑法只是成為鞏固性多數對性少數族群之霸權宰制的工具。本文也將以上述修正過後的傷害原則，來檢視於釋字617號解釋中所提出的「硬蕊色情」領域，去正視該性文化內涵，並解構因固有的偏見與歧視所建構的傷害，進而提出硬蕊色情根本上是無害的，是以刑法也無絕對封鎖其「內容」的規範正當性。 最後將以本文之理論架構，去回答晶晶書庫案的主要爭點，並提出刑法對於性言論與性資訊的管制，應是建立在對性自主權的保障、而非社會風化上，並應根本放棄使用「猥褻」一字來作規範，因為該字眼本身即乘載著我們對性的焦慮與恐慌。What is the meaning of “obscene material or objects” in the article 235 of the criminal code? Actually, the concept of “obscene” in itself is unclear. The two interpretations of the justice of the constitutional court (J.Y. Interpretation No. 407 and No. 617) tried to answer this question. They defined the concept of obscene to avoid violating the principle of clarity and definiteness. However, both of them can’t solve this question successfully. What’s more, their effort they made in this issue may even cause more problems when applied in real cases, like, the controversial Gin Gin gay bookstore case. his thesis will indicate that all of the problems and difficulties mentioned above actually result from the legal interest that the article 235 of the criminal code intends to protect, the “social decency”, which the definition of the concept of obscene is involved in and can’t be divided easily. In order to avoid this traditional myth, this thesis here won’t try to find out the best definition of “obscene material or objects”. Instead, it will deal with the most fundamental issue: Whether it is reasonable to use the criminal law to remain the social morality, or better to say, the sexual morality. This thesis will use the famous “Hart- Devlin Debate”, to discuss in which condition the government has right using criminal law to restrain the personal liberty and thereby derive the “harm principle” of liberalism as the limitation of personal liberty and the line between criminal norm and moral norm. However, when the harm principle is applied, it might sometimes not be so clear, especially in the case of “sexual morality harm”, typically result in the ashamed or disgusting feeling of average people, which is generated by the obscene material or objects. Could these feelings also be recognized as harm? o answer the question, this thesis will adopt the analysis in Martha C. Nussbaum’s book “Hiding from Humanity: disgust, shame and the law”, and point out some feelings, like shame and disgust, are not appropriate to be considered as the harms on criminal law. For this reason the protected legal interest “social decency”, which based on these feelings above, is also not legitimate-- otherwise the criminal code would just be taken as an instrument to oppress and discriminate against the sexual cultural minority. This thesis will also review the “hard core pornography”, which is absolutely forbidden in J.Y. Interpretation 617, to prove that it is harmless by facing its context of sexual culture.inally, this thesis will use the theories mentioned above to respond the main issue in Gin Gin gay bookstore case. I would like to make the conclusion by stating that the criminal code’s regulation of sexually explicit language or material should be based on the protected legal interest of “sexual autonomy” instead of the “social decency”, and we should not use the word “obscene” in criminal law for the sake of it in itself is already discriminated.第一章 序論 1一節 研究動機與議題設定 1一項 研究動機 1二項 議題設定 5二節 「晶晶案」之簡要回顧 7一項 被駁回的非常上訴 7二項 「晶晶案」之經過概述 10三項 「晶晶案」之主要爭點 12三節 論文架構之概述 18二章 猥褻定義的魔障 21一節 釋字407號解釋以前的實務見解 22一項 以是否引發性慾作為判準 22二項 寄生在猥褻行為下的猥褻概念 23二節 釋字第407號解釋 25一項 釋字第407號解釋之作成 25二項 取法於美國Miller v. California案的標準 26三項 適用上的困難 28三節 釋字617號解釋 31一項 軟蕊與硬蕊領域的劃分 31二項 遺留的問題 32四節 小結：丟不掉的風化概念 35三章 論法律、道德與自由的界限 39一節 哈特與德弗林的論辯 40一項 沃爾芬登報告書 40二項 保守派的立場─德弗林的回應 42三項 自由派的立場─哈特的回應 45二節 對哈特思想的幾點反思 47一項 「批判性的道德」的道德之意義 47二項 「批判性的道德」與「最低限度的自然法」的比較 48三項 「批判性的道德」並不等同「最低限度的自然法」 50三節 彌爾的「傷害原則」 53一項 傷害原則的介紹 53二項 對傷害原則的證立 55三項 對於傷害概念的掌握 58四章 Nussbaum論噁心、羞恥與法律 60一節 情感與法律 61二節 兩種麻煩的情感：噁心與羞恥 64一項 噁心 64二項 羞恥 72三節 不再逃避人性 76一項 對德弗林的回應 76二項 對哈特的回應 78四節 對彌爾自由論的反思 80一項 對於真理為本之論證的批判 80二項 對於以人為本之論證的批判 82三項 小結：對於風化概念的反省 83五節 再訪傷害原則 84一項 正視傷害原則 84二項 能力取徑的介紹 86三項 納思邦的核心能力清單 89四項 小結 92五章 打破硬蕊 97一節 正視所謂的硬蕊色情 98一項 人獸交 98二項 性虐待與性暴力 105二節 來自「性自主權」的質疑 112一項 訴諸妨害性自主權的理由 112二項 重新修正硬蕊色情的範疇 114三項 性客體化的批評 117三節 人性尊嚴的迷思 123一項 人性尊嚴的入憲 123二項 放下人性尊嚴的迷思 124三項 需求著怎樣的人類形象 126四節 未成年人保護的必要 128一項 過度的保護主義 128二項 談未成年人的保護：能力與功能 131三項 如何保護？訴諸性自主權 133六章 結論 137一節 對「晶晶案」的再思考 137一項 系爭雜誌是否為猥褻物品？ 137二項 刑法235條是否違憲？ 142二節 何謂性自主 149一項 先肯定它，再談如何保護它 149二項 性，能否無須道德？ 152考文獻 15
High Quality Area Scan and Line Scan Demosaicking Algorithms Based on Spectral Correlation
No full text隨著高畫質時代(full-HD Generation)的來臨，人們對影像品質的需求越來越高。目前越來越多消費型的成像電子裝置使用單一感光元件，覆蓋一層貝爾排列模式之色彩濾鏡陣列去取樣並記錄場景中相對位置之三原色的像素值，而計算取像過程中丟失的像素值的過程稱為色彩內插演算法(CFA-interpolations)或去馬賽克演算法(Demosaicking Algorithms)。
在本篇論文中，為了減少數位取像裝置的成本及體積並因應高品質的需求，我們提出了基於光譜相關性的高品質面掃描式和線掃描式去馬賽克之演算法。對於面掃描式之成像感測器，我們利用更佳的初始內插演算法以減少影像低頻之誤差，並利用高頻迭代策略有效地得到清晰影像；對於線掃描式之成像感測器，為了有效落實演算法之硬體實現，我們提出利用高斯函數(Gaussian Blur function)分解原始取樣像素以得到平滑層(base layer)和細微層(detail layer)。平滑層採用傳統的色彩內插演算法做影像內插；細微層利用色頻高度相關性作係數迭代。因此，此方法之重建影像比起傳統的演算法，可以獲得較高的PSNR、SSIM值和較佳的視覺品質。With the advent of the full-HD Generation, human demand for high quality image is growing. Today more and more consumer electronic devices sample and record the nature sense with color pixel values by single sensor covered with color filter array arranged by Bayer pattern. The estimation of lost pixel values during the sensor sampling process is known as Color Filter Array Interpolation (CFA-interpolations) Algorithms or Demosaicking Algorithms.
In this paper, in order to reduce cost and size of digital imaging devices, and obtain high quality image, high quality area scan and line scan demosaicking algorithms based on spectral correlation are proposed. For area scan imaging sensors, we utilize better initial interpolations to reduce image errors in low-frequency regions and obtain sharper images by projecting the high-frequency coefficients of each color channels iteratively. For line scan imaging sensors, we propose using the Gaussian Function (Gaussian Blur Function) to decompose the mosaic image into a smooth layer (base layer) and the fine layer (detail layer) for the effective hardware implementation. In base layer, traditional color interpolations are adopted as image interpolation algorithms; in detail layer, perform the coefficient replacements according to the property that for nature images there is a high correlation between color channels. Therefore, reconstruction images, obtained from the proposed method, have higher PSNR and SSIM, and better visual quality than traditional algorithms
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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