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Vetustas, oblivio e crisi d’identità nelle Saturae Menippeae: il risveglio di Varrone in un’altra Roma
No full textBy focusing on the fragments of the Menippean Satires, the present paper discusses a recurrent theme of Varro’s works: the contrast between an ideal past and a present of crisis. Struck by the sudden change of Rome's ethics, politics and traditions, the author appears to feel a deep sense of estrangement. The satire Sexagessis, for example, hurls a bitter accusation at the corruption of the City. In Varro’s view, a process of moral degeneration spoiled Rome so severely that this was not recognizable anymore, since it did not resemble the civitas of the ancestors: this was another Rome in which – like the protagonist of the satire – the writer found himself quite unconsciously, as if fallen asleep. A comparison with some passages from De Lingua Latina suggests that in the Sexagessis – as well as in other Menippean Satires like the Sesqueulixes – Varro puts forth the same anthropological interpretation of time perception: the author seems to claim that by breaking the flow of time it is possible to feel and face relevant cultural changes, particularly concerning the metamorphosis of the Urbs. In both satires, this interruption of the normal course of time is achieved through the main characters' mental or physical departure from Rome: they return to their homeland after a sleep of fifty years or a journey of thirty years and, differently from other citizens, they are able to perceive differences.
In some fragments, the complete loss of ancient values apparently leads to a pessimistic attitude towards the future of Rome, considered aeterna until then; however, this loss does not seem to prevent those like Varro who still believe in the mos maiorum from reacting. In fact, numerous fragments insist on the importance of evoking ancient values – of ruminari antiquitates, as the poet puts it. Other fragments remark that if not properly elucidated, such antiquitates appear useless in the eyes of the younger generations. Thus, the present paper argues that Varro imagined some reliable witnesses recalling and illustrating the mores antiqui. These “voices from the past”, which speak for the maiores, are embodied by the Sexagessis, the Sesqueulixes, and Ennius. The satire Manius resorts to one of these voices as well, since it refers to some recently unearthed ancient books. As a whole, the Menippean Satires convey an essentially constructive message. By employing the so-called medium menippeum (which allows to discuss contemporary events and to integrate the antiquitates into a vivid present), Varro seems to plan a “step back towards the future” (as it were): the mos maiorum is indeed presented not only as a cultural background, but mostly as a paradigm to overcome present difficulties and warrant Rome’s future
Ἄλλος οὖτος ̔Ηρακλῆς: tracce della riflessione sui tria genera theologiae nelle Menippeae di Varrone
No full textThe paper re-examines the well-discussed issue of the so-called “tripartite theology”. As the fragments of the Antiquitates rerum divinarum point out, Varro, in the wake of Mucius Scevola, reconsidered the traditional ways of representing gods (the mythice theology, the physice one and the politice one). Therefore he proposed an original synthesis of them, characterised as specifically Roman and defined, accordingly, in Latin as theologia civilis. Probably before the codification of the theory in the philosophical-antiquarian work, he had already reflected about the specific limits of the three theologies in the satirical representation of the Menippean Ἄλλος οὖτος ̔Ηρακλῆς. Dealing with the identification of Hercules and Mars, the satire proves that Roman ritual tradition (of the pontiffs and the Salii) agrees with philosophical theories. On the other hand, it shows how people are incapable of doing without the mythical accounts. Thus Varro assumes that the new type of Roman theology must preserve also some elements of the theologia mythice in order to restore the traditional religious belief in his society
L’immanitas alla fine della repubblica: una minaccia all’ordine politico, morale e culturale di Roma
No full textThe paper focuses on the use of the word immanis (“huge” as well “in-human”,
“ferocious” and “uncivilized”) among Cicero, Lucretius, and Varro. By comparing their
treatment of the adjective in connection to its Greek counterparts and models, the study
sheds light on the philosophical debate of the late republican age, with all its political implications,
particularly in connection to the dictatorship of Caesar and his (alleged?) Epicureanism.
The gathered evidence supports with new arguments the thesis of an ideological
opposition between Cicero and Lucretius, while assessing Varro’s reconciling role in this
confrontation. Indeed, the antiquarian eluded a direct and unambiguous evaluation of immanis
in political terms, acting thus as a broker not just in the disputes between Stoics and
Epicureans but possibly also between anti-cesarians and cesarians
: Tracce della riflessione sui <i>tria genera theologiae</i> nelle <i>Menippeae</i> di Varrone
No full textInternational audienceThe paper re-examines the well-discussed issue of the so-called “tripartite theology”. As the fragments of the Antiquitates rerum divinarum point out, Varro, in the wake of Mucius Scevola, reconsidered the traditional ways of representing gods (the mythice theology, the physice one and the politice one). Therefore he proposed an original synthesis of them, characterised as specifically Roman and defined, accordingly, in Latin as theologia civilis. Probably before the codification of the theory in the philosophical-antiquarian work, he had already reflected about the specific limits of the three theologies in the satirical representation of the Menippean Ἄλλος οὗτος ῾Ηρακλῆς. Dealing with the identification of Hercules and Mars, the satire proves that Roman ritual tradition (of the pontiffs and the Salii) agrees with philosophical theories. On the other hand, it shows how people are incapable of doing without the mythical accounts. Thus Varro assumes that the new type of Roman theology must preserve also some elements of the theologia mythice in order to restore the traditional religious belief in his society.L’article, en revenant sur le thème très disputé de la prétendue « théologie tripartite », relève que, dans le sillage de Mucius Scevola, Varron prenait en compte les traditionnels discours sur les dieux (la théologie mythice, celle physice et celle politice) pour en proposer, dans les Antiquitates rerum divinarum, une synthèse spécifiquement romaine, qu'il avait volontairement choisie de nommer en latin : theologia civilis. Probablement avant de systématiser cette théorie dans l’écrit philosophico-antiquaire, il avait déjà réfléchi sur les limites des trois théologies en les mettant en scène dans une satire Ménippée sur le problème de l’identité d’Hercule et Mars : Ἄλλος οὗτος ῾Ηρακλῆς. Sur ce sujet l’auteur prouvait le substantiel accord entre tradition rituelle (des pontifes et des Salii) et spéculation philosophique. Par ailleurs, la satire semble souligner l’incapacité du peuple de se passer des récits mythiques, en révélant que, d’après l’auteur, pour rétablir dans la société la foi en les dieux de la religion romaine, il était indispensable de garder des éléments de la théologie mythice dans la nouvelle theologia civilis
Risvegliarsi in un’altra Roma: crisi del presente e nostalgia del passato nelle Saturae Menippeae di Varrone
No full textTemperature effects on nano-LC column packing technology
No full textWe investigated the effect of temperature on the packing procedure of nano-LC columns (up to 50 cm) and on their performance. Several slurries of stationary phase were prepared
using different solventmixtures. Their stability was evaluated at several temperatures: 70C, 50C, and room temperature. At the higher temperature (70C) the suspensions resulted to be stable for a longer time. For each slurry, we compared nano-LC columns packed with ultrasounds at 70C and at room temperature. All the columns were tested with a standard mixture at 70C, to reduce the solvent viscosity and the backpressure.Main chromatographic parameters such as the asymmetry factor, As, the reduced plate high, h, pattern in a Van Deemter plot, the total porosity, t, and the permeability, k, were calculated and discussed. One of the nano-LC columns was used to separate a mixture of pesticides in a LC-MS system with an electron ionization LC-MS interface (Direct-EI). From our knowledge, this is the first study on the role of temperature in the efficiency of slurry-packing procedure
A Fast and Effective Method for Packing Nano-LC Columns with Solid-Core Nano Particles Based on the Synergic Effect of Temperature, Slurry Composition, Sonication and Pressure.
No full textNano-LC columns of different lengths (14–35 cm), 75 μm i.d., were packed with solid-core C18 particles using a conventional HPLC system at low pressure (375 bar) and without expensive tools and fittings. Solid-core particles consist of a solid, non-porous core surrounded with a shell of a porous layer with a very narrow particle size distribution. This geometry allows a faster diffusion of the analytes compared to porous particles, reducing the C term of the Knox plot. Different slurries of packing material were evaluated and tested. The packing procedure was carried out at room temperature and at 70 °C to evaluate the influence of this parameter on the overall process. The synergic action of pressure, temperature and sonication contributed to columns of various lengths in the packing process. The columns were tested at room temperature taking into account the following parameters: Knox plots, specific permeability and peak capacity. Reduced heights of theoretical plates, h, ranged between 3.8 and 5.1 at ν between 2 and 6. An LC-MS test was carried out with a Direct-EI LC-MS instrument
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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