126,956 research outputs found
Narrative support for technical documents: Formalising Rhetorical Structure Theory
No full textBusiness Process Re-engineering (BPR) is an area that requires a lot of technical documents and an important feature of a well-written document is a coherent narrative. Even though computer software has helped authors in many other aspects of writing, support for document narratives is almost non-existent. Therefore, we introduce CANS (Computer-Aided Narrative Support), a tool that uses Rhetorical Structure Theory to enhance the narrative of a document. From this narrative, the tool generates questions to prompt the author for the content of the document. CANS also allows the author to explore alternative narratives for a document. A catalogue of predefined narrative structures for popular types of documents is provided too. Our tool is still in its rudimentary stages but sufficiently complete to be demonstrated
FIGURE 1. Trunk morphology. A in Species of Cyathea in America related to the western Pacific species C. decurrens
No full textFIGURE 1. Trunk morphology. A. Cyathea croftii, Prov. West Papua, Indonesia (© Marcus Lehnert). B–C. Cyathea epaleata, Moorea, Tahiti (© Joel Nitta); B. Detail of trunk apex; C. Detail of lateral bud. D. Cyathea howeana, cultivated in Perth, Australia (© Neville Crawford). E. Cyathea arnecornelii, showing new flush of fronds, Prov. La Paz, Bolivia (© Marcus Lehnert). F. Cyathea vilhelmii, showing pale, spreading scales on trunk apex and petioles, Prov. Zamora- Chinchipe, Ecuador (© Marcus Lehnert). G. Cyathea cicatricosa, type plant, New Caledonia (reproduced from Holttum & Edwards 1982, © Kew Publishing). H. Cyathea moranii, Prov. Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador (© Marcus Lehnert). J. Cyathea xenoxyla, showing strong similarity with A. and B., Prov. Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador (© Marcus Lehnert).Published as part of Lehnert, Marcus, 2011, Species of Cyathea in America related to the western Pacific species C. decurrens, pp. 39-59 in Phytotaxa 26 on page 45, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.26.1.6, http://zenodo.org/record/481464
FIGURE 2 in Do you know Cyathea divergens (Cyatheaceae-Polypodiopsida)?
No full textFIGURE 2. Field characters: A1–E1. Trunk apex; A2–E2. Rachises and costules abaxially, showing different colors and indument; A3–E3. Details of petioles with different types of scales and scurf. A. Cyathea divergens, Costa Rica (Lehnert 2642); white areas on petioles indicate dry scurf, which elsewhere became wet and translucent. B. Cyathea carolihenrici, Bolivia (Lehnert 607). C. Cyathea maxonii, Costa Rica (Lehnert 2658). D. Cyathea meridensis var. meridensis (D1, 2) and var. obtecta (D3), Ecuador (Lehnert 2338 & 1079, respectively). E. Cyathea ebenina, Ecuador (Lehnert 1055). (© Marcus Lehnert)Published as part of Lehnert, Marcus, 2014, Do you know Cyathea divergens (Cyatheaceae-Polypodiopsida)?, pp. 1-42 in Phytotaxa 161 (1) on page 7, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.161.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/512873
Megaciella triangulata Lehnert & Stone, 2015, n. sp.
No full textMegaciella triangulata n. sp. (Figs. 5 & 6, Table 2) Material examined. Holotype ZSM 20150383 and paratype ZSM 20150384 collected by Jim Stark with a research survey bottom trawl (haul # 180) from the FV Ocean Explorer; 24 July 2012, 141 m depth, Buldir Reef, western Aleutian Islands, North Pacific Ocean (52 °03.4140' N, 176 °25.0800' E). Water temperature = 4.1 °C. Complete specimens in ethanol. Description. Habitus: Both specimens are golden brown in color on wiry stalks. The holotype (larger specimen) is 17 cm in height and 11 cm in maximum width (Fig. 5 A). The stalk of the holotype is 1.5–2 cm thick and expands after 5.5 cm into a massive triangle with sides almost symmetrical (11.5, 11 and 12 cm long) and 2.5– 3 cm in thickness. The paratype (smaller specimen) attains 14 cm in height, the stalk is 0.8 cm at the base and more irregularly shaped, it widens to 1.9 cm in diameter where it expands into a small massive triangle, the sides 4, 4.5 and 5 cm long with a thickness of 1.5 cm (Fig. 5 A). The stalk has a smooth surface without recognisable apertures; the triangle bears numerous small pores, flush with the surface and 1–2 mm in diameter. The triangle part of the sponge is much softer and more elastic than the stalk due to a higher spicule density in the stalk. Skeletal structure: The choanosome consists of an irregular reticulation of paucispicular tracts with many microscleres in between (Figs. 5 B & C). Acanthostyles are irregularly scattered in the choanosome. The thin styles are usually coring the tracts. Ectosomal tylotes are arranged paratangentially in bundles (Fig. 5 D) or in short tracts facing in different directions. Towards the stalk the abundance and density of these tylotes increases, recognisable in a smoother surface. Spicules: Ectosomal tylotes are fusiform, tyles have a straight, microspined end and measure, 182–346 x 8–11 µm (Fig. 5 E), choanosomal thick styles are smooth, slightly bent, 295–546 x 18–35 µm (Fig. 5 F), thin styles, 335– 452 x 8-11 µm (Fig. 5 F), acanthostyles, 340–435 x 22-25 µm (Fig. 6 A). Microscleres are two categories of toxa, large category spined at the ends and with a U-turn in the center, 290–425 µm (Fig. 6 B), thicker than the small category which measures 65–185 µm and is spined all over (Fig. 6 C) and two categories of palmate isochelae, the large category with pointed ends on top and bottom, 13–18 µm (Fig. 6 D), small category without pointed ends, 7– 10 µm (Fig. 6 E) and, finally, a tiny category of anisochelae, 5–7 µm (Fig. 6 F). Discussion. Again, we compare this new Megaciella with the nine other species co-occurring in the North Pacific Ocean (Table 2). M. triangulata n. sp. differs from these species in the following characters: M. anisochelae: A stalked cluster of tubes with no acanthostyles or toxa. M. fragilis: A dactylate or lobate sponge,light yellow in color, with shorter and thinner tylotes, thinner styles, no acanthostyles, only one category of isochelae, and toxa of different sizes. TABLE 2. Spicule categories and measurements of Megaciella from the North Pacific Ocean. All measurements are in µm. species tylotes styles echinating spicules isochelae toxa other anisochela Lehnert et microspined ends, smooth, 490–615 x none large, 13–17, small, 6–8 none anisochelas, 4 –6 , 2006c 245–380 x 4–9 18 –22 fragilis (Koltun, microspined ends, smooth, 291–364 x none 14–17 large, 124–218 x 2, small, 21 – none) 176–228 x 6–8 12 –18 35 x 1 microtoxa microspined ends, acantho-, 360–540 x acanthostyles, 85–215 12.5–15 50–140 none Dickinson, 1945)+ 190–250 x 2.5–5 17.525 x 2.5–7.5 ochotensis (Koltun, “fusiform tornotes”, acantho-, 168–252 x none 25–32 84–134 none) 151–220 x 5–9 11 –14 pituitosa Lehnert & microspined ends, smooth, 460–630 x acanthostyles, 140 – 15–20 large, 120–300, small, 40– 87 x none Stone, 2014 b 144–310 x 4–6 26 –30 145 x 8–10 2–3 spirinae (Koltun, microspined ends, acantho-, 166–213 x none 23–35 136-200 x 9 none) 166–208 x 3–4 10 –13 toxispinosa Aguilar- microspined ends, acantho-, 150–315 x acanthostyles, 55–105 two categories; reduced alae, large, 35–60, small none Camacho et al., 2014 160–215 x 2.5 2.5 –- 5 x 2.5–3.5 12.5–15, alae fused with shaft, (microspined, “oxhorn- 12.5–17.5 shaped”), 3–10 zenkevitchi (Koltun, microspined ends, acantho., 405–478 x apically spined styles, 21–25 large, 178–364, small, 75–92 none) 208–343 x 7–10 33 –42 364–475 x 10–12 lobata n. sp. microspined ends, smooth & acanthostyles, 440 – 22–27 two categories; large, 130–720 large smooth styles, 355–508 x 4–6 microspined 735–928 710 x 42 –55 & small, 29–47 1056–1645 x 19–32 x 42 –55 triangulata n. sp. fusiform tylotes, smooth, 295–516 x acanthostyles, 340 – two categories; large, 13–18 & two categories; microspined thin styles, 335–452 x microspined ends, 18–35 435 x 22–25 small, 7–10 (different shapes?) all over, weakly bent, thin 65 – 6–10, anisochelas, 5–7 182–346 x 8–11 185 microspined ends, strongly bent, thicker, 290–428 after Aguilar-Camacho et al. (2014) M. microtoxa: A massive sponge with shorter and thinner tylotes, a choanosome with acanthostyles only, only one category of isochelae, and only one category of toxa. M. ochotensis: A lobate to dactylate sponge with shorter and thinner tylotes, choanosome with acanthostyles only, only one category of isochelae, and only one category of toxa. M. pituitosa: Also stalked but fan-shaped, with thinner tylotes, shorter and thinner acanthostyles, only one category of isochelae, and smooth toxa. M. spirinae: An irregularly massive-lobate sponge with smaller tylotes, choanosome with acanthostyles only which are smaller, only one category of choanosomal styles that are larger, and only one category of toxa. M. toxispinosa: A thinly encrusting sponge with shorter and much thinner tylotes, choanosome with acanthostyles only, different size categories of isochelae, and shorter categories of toxa. M. zenkevitchi: A sponge with differently shaped tylotes, categories of choanosomal styles differ in shape and size, only one category of isochelae, and different size categories of toxa. M. lobata n. sp.: A lobate sponge with longer and thinner tylotes, longer and thicker styles and acanthostyles, one category of isochelae that are larger, and smooth toxa of different size categories. Megaciella triangulata n. sp. and M. anisochela (Lehnert et al., 2006 b) both from the Aleutian Island Archipelago region are presently the only two species of Megaciella known to have a tiny category of peculiar anisochelae. Though the possession of anisochelae was unusual and only recently confirmed for the genus they had previously been documented in members of the family Acarnidae (Hooper, 2002 b). With the discovery of modified anisochelae in a second species of Megaciella there is additional evidence that the occasional presence of this microsclere category is a trait within the genus. Etymology. from the Latin triangulata—triangular, referring to the triangular shape of the main body of the sponge on top of the stalk.Published as part of Lehnert, Helmut & Stone, Robert P., 2015, New species of sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae) from the Aleutian Islands and Gulf of Alaska, pp. 451-483 in Zootaxa 4033 (4) on pages 458-462, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4033.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/25359
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
No full textThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Stelodoryx strongyloxeata Lehnert & Stone 2020, n. sp.
No full textStelodoryx strongyloxeata n. sp. (Figs. 6 & 7) Material examined. Holotype ZSM20200329, intact specimen, stored in ethanol, collected by R. Clark with a research survey bottom trawl from the FV Vesteraalen; 31 May 2002, 83 m depth, haul station 1033, Unimak Pass, eastern Aleutian Islands (54° 24.61’ N, 165° 31.26’ W). Paratype ZSM20200330, intact specimen, stored in ethanol then dried (sample retained in ethanol), collected by R. Clark with a research survey bottom trawl from the FV Sea Storm; 27 July 2002, 150 m depth, haul station 162, southern Seguam Pass, central Aleutian Islands (52° 0.07’ N, 172° 33.30’ W). Water temperature = 4.2 °C. Description. The holotype (Figs. 6A & B) is a thickly flabellate sponge, probably on a short stalk. The fan is somewhat folded (Fig. 6A), and so presenting a larger and a smaller fan. The two (“inner”) surfaces facing each other differ from the “outer” surfaces: outer surfaces have numerous oscules that are mostly on short elevations but sometimes flush with the surface. Inner surfaces with much fewer oscules. The larger part of the fan is 20 x 16 cm with a somewhat variable thickness of 0.8–1.4 cm. The smaller part of the fan measures 11 x 11 cm. The distal parts of both fans end in fingerlike projections, 1.5–3.5 cm in length. The holotype was likely growing on a short stalk (Fig. 6B), 1.9 cm in height and 1.8 cm in diameter. There is no other sign of attachment. The paratype (Fig. 6C) is smaller and consists of finger-like projections that possibly also merge into a fan when growing larger. The surface is velvety, the color is light to dark brown. The consistency is elastic, compressible, difficult to tear. Oscules have diameters of 1–3 mm and their elevations are up to 8 mm in height. Skeletal architecture. The choanosome consists of a reticulation of polyspicular tracts forming almost quadratic meshes in the interior (Fig. 6D). Closer to the surface approximately 1 mm below the surface, the ascending polyspicular tracts branch off side-tracts that are connected by poly- to paucispicular tracts. Thus towards the surface the mesh becomes narrower (Figs. 6D & E). Deeper inside the sponge fibers form quadrats in the choanosome with side-lengths of 450–550 µm, at a distance of approximately 1 mm from the surface and less, quadrats have sides of 150–250 µm (Figs. 6 D-E). Tracts of choanosomal strongyloxeas reach the surface with pointed ends of the strongyloxeas facing out and are mostly not or, only slightly, protruding above the surface (Fig. 6F). Bundles of style-like tornotes, again with points facing out, reinforce the choanosomal tracts at the surface (Fig. 6F). Ectosomal spicule bundles do not form a closed palisade but leave open spaces in between tracts and tornote bundles are filled in with numerous isochelae. Spicules. Choanosomal strongyloxeas (Fig. 7A) measure 245–290–318 x 15–27– 35 µm, ectosomal style-like tornotes (Fig. 7B), sometimes with slightly microspined heads (Fig. 7C), 142–170–205 x 4 –9– 10 µm, large isochelae (Fig. 7D), 67–88– 96 µm, and small isochelae (Fig. 7E), 23–29– 40 µm. Discussion. This species has a reticulate skeleton consisting of a reticulation of tracts which is typical for the genus. Choanosomal styles are the common spicule category of the genus. Stelodoryx strongyloxeata n. sp. differs from all congeners in its peculiar fusiform strongyloxeas that additionally differ in size from the choanosomal styles of all other Stelodoryx of the region. The strongyloxeas are rather short, only the longest strongyloxeas have some overlap with the shortest styles of other congeners (S. siphofuscus Lehnert & Stone, 2015, S. flabellata Koltun, 1959, S. lissostyla Koltun, 1959 and S. pluridentata Lundbeck, 1905) and they are the thickest choanosomal spicules known in the genus Stelodoryx. The ectosomal tornotes of S. strongyloxeata are style-shaped, a character only shared with S. siphofucus which has longer style-shaped tornotes and from which it differs in several other characters listed below. Dimensions of the two categories of isochelae additionally separate the new species from other congeners. Differences with other congeners are: Stelodoryx flabellata Koltun, 1959 has longer ectosomal tornotes, choanosomal microspined styles and strongyles that are longer but thinner than the strongyloxeas of S. strongyloxeata, and only one category of isochelae. Stelodoryx lissostyla Koltun, 1959 has longer ectosomal tornotes, choanosomal styles that are longer but thinner than the strongyloxeas of S. strongyloxeata, and the two size categories are both of different sizes. Stelodoryx oxeata Lehnert et al., 2006 has longer ectosomal tornotes, choanosomal oxeas that are longer than the strongyloxeas of S. strongyloxeata, three categories of isochelae of different sizes, and centrotylote sigmas. Stelodoryx pectinata Topsent, 1904 has longer ectosomal tornotes, choanosomal acanthostyles that are longer, and two size categories of isochelae of different sizes. Stelodoryx pluridentata (Lundbeck, 1905) has longer ectosomal tornotes, longer choanosomal spicules that are styles, and only one category of isochelae. Stelodoryx procera Topsent, 1904 has longer ectosomal tornotes, two categories of choanosomal spicules that are styles (both longer than the strongyloxeas in S. strongyloxeata), and only one category of isochelae. Stelodoryx toporoki Koltun, 1958 has longer ectosomal tornotes, longer choanosomal spicules that are styles, two categories of anchorate isochelae, the larger category longer. Stelodoryx vitiazi Koltun, 1955 has longer ectosomal tornotes, choanosomal acanthostyles that are longer than the strongyloxeas of S. strongyloxeata, and only one category of isochelae. Stelodoryx mucosa Lehnert & Stone, 2015 has larger ectosomal tornotes, choanosomal acanthostyles that are longer, and only one category of isochelae. Stelodoryx siphofuscus Lehnert & Stone, 2015 is tube-shaped versus a thickly flabellate sponge in S. strongyloxeata, shares the style-shaped ectosomal tornotes but these are longer in S. siphofuscus, shares choanosomal strongyloxeas that are longer but only half the thickness of the strongyloxeas in S. strongyloxeata. Stelodoryx jamesorri n. sp. has ectosomal tylotes that are longer and thicker, choanosomal strongyloxeas that are longer and thicker and less fusiform, and two categories of isochelae with different size ranges. Etymology. The species is named for its peculiar strongyloxeas.Published as part of Lehnert, Helmut & Stone, Robert P., 2020, Three new species of Poecilosclerida (Porifera, Demospongiae, Heteroscleromorpha) from the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, pp. 137-150 in Zootaxa 4851 (1) on pages 146-148, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4851.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/440730
Dicksonia perriei Noben & Lehnert 2013, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Dicksonia perriei</i> Noben & Lehnert, <i>sp. nov.</i> (Figs. 2B, 3B) <p> Type:— NEW CALEDONIA. Province du Nord: Mont Colnett, 20°30'S, 164°42'E, 1050 m, 29 October 2004, <i>U. G</i> <i>. Swenson, G. McPherson & A.</i> <i>Mouly 605</i> (holotype MO, isotype S).</p> <p> The new species <i>Dicksonia perriei</i> is most similar to <i>D. thyrsopteroides</i>, especially in laminar characters but differs in characters of the petiole (uniform layer of matted yellowish to orange brown, wooly ciliate hairs in <i>D. perriei</i> vs. spreading reddish brown setiform hairs and a sooty undercoat in <i>D. thyrsopteroides</i>).</p> <p> <i>Trunks</i> to 2 m tall, to 20 cm diameter with persistent petiole bases (reports of diameters to 50 cm probably include adventitious root mantle); adventitious buds apparently present, sprouting close to the soil and leading to close groups of 2–3 trunks. <i>Fronds</i> to 400 cm long, ascending, dimorphic, usually fertile in lower half but can be wholly fertile. <i>Petiole</i> ca. 100 cm long, to 5 cm wide, remaining green for a long time on the plant, only turning brown when dead and dried, smooth to slightly rough, covered with easily abraded, short (ca. 7 mm) pale, yellowish to orange brown, wooly hairs. <i>Laminae</i> at least to 200 × 130 cm, tripinnate-pinnatifid, firm herbaceous, gradually reduced apically, widest at the middle. <i>Leaf axes</i> [rachises, costae and costules] of young fronds densely covered many orange to reddish brown catenate hairs on both sides, caduceus, abaxially mostly persisting the axils of pinnae and pinnules, adaxially hairs fewer and paler but more persistent. <i>Veins</i> slightly to strongly hairy; hairs whitish to reddish. <i>Pinnae</i> subsessile to sessile, oblong-lanceolate with attenuate tips, 12–14 pairs per frond. <i>Sterile pinnae</i> to 65 × 25 cm; <i>fertile pinnae</i> to 33 × 16 cm. <i>Sterile pinnules</i> to 12–13 × 2.2 cm, oblong-lanceolate, basally auriculate. <i>Fertile pinnules</i> to 9 × 1.6 cm, oblong, sessile. <i>Fertile segments</i> sessile, the laminar tissue reduced to thin strands along the veins, but intermediary segments with more laminar tissue may occur. <i>Sterile segments</i> weakly lobed or dissected, margins serrate, sessile. <i>Sori</i> 1.7–1.8 mm wide, oblong to slightly kidney shaped when closed, circular when open, at the end of unbranched lateral veins. <i>Spores</i> not examined.</p> <p> <b>Distribution and habitat:</b> —Primarily northern New Caledonia, rare in the centre and absent from the south, in evergreen mountain rainforest at (750–) 1050–1460 m, avoiding ultramafic soils (Fig. 1B, D).</p> <p> <b>Etymology:</b> —The epithet honours our colleague Leon Perrie (Museum of New Zealand, Te Papa Tongarewa), who first pointed out the distinctness of this species and who provided crucial information for the description of this species.</p> <p> <b>Paratype:</b> — NEW CALEDONIA. Province du Nord: Mont Colnett, 20°30'S, 164°42'E, 1400 m, 31 October 2004, <i>U. G</i> <i>. Swenson et al. 620</i> (MO, S).</p> <p> <b>Additional specimens (digitalized):</b> — NEW CALEDONIA. Province du Nord: Sud de Canala, [ca. 21°31'10''S, 165°57'11'' E,] ca. 900 m, 20 February 1869, <i>Balansa 1596</i> (P); Forêt Plate, E towards Mont Katépouenda, 21°08–09' S, 165°07–08'E, 750 m, 14 August 1965, <i>Bernardi 10192</i> (NOU n.v., P); Mont Panie, 20°35'58''S, 164°45'32''E, 1280 m, 9 October 2012, <i>L</i> <i>.</i> <i>Perrie NC2012-182</i> (NOU n.v., WELT), 20°35'23''S, 164°45'43''E, 1460 m, 9 October 2012, <i>L</i> <i>.</i> <i>Perrie NC2012-184</i> (NOU n.v., WELT); Dôme de l’Ignambi, [ca. 20°27'46"S, 164°36'10"E,] 1300 m, 19 August 1965, <i>M</i> <i>.</i> <i>Schmid 548</i> (P).</p> <p> <b>Discussion:—</b> <i>Dicksonia perriei</i> was previously treated as <i>D. thyrsopteroides</i> because of shared morphological characters of the lamina (e.g. the sessile pinnae and the strong reduction of fertile segments). However, <i>D. perriei</i> differs in the characteristics of the petiole, which is smooth to slightly rough with yellowish to orange, wooly, ciliate hairs (vs. pale to reddish brown, setiform hairs in <i>D. thyrsopteroides</i>) and the lack of a sooty undercoat (vs. present). In addition, <i>D perriei</i> has thicker petioles than <i>D. thyrsopteroides</i> (to ca. 2 cm wide vs. more than 3 cm wide in fresh material) and is a more massive plant that usually grows in small groups of 2–3 thick and relatively short trunks (to 20 cm diameter vs. usually with solitary, relatively slender trunks to 10 cm diameter). Herbarium specimens of <i>D. perriei</i> are conspicuous due to the large size of the pinnae and pinnules.</p> <p> We have seen photographs of <i>Dicksonia perriei</i> on Mont Panié, where the species is dominant tree fern in the upper parts (L. Perrie, personal communication). The range of this species is insufficiently known, but it seems to be restricted to higher elevations in the northern province, outside of the ultramafic outcrops (Pintaud <i>et al.</i> 2001) and above the elevational range of <i>D. thyrsopteroides</i>. Outliers that were collected farther south are <i>Balansa 1596</i> from 900 m and <i>Bernardi 10192</i> from 750 m (see Discussion).</p>Published as part of <i>Noben, Sarah & Lehnert, Marcus, 2013, The genus Dicksonia (Dicksoniaceae) in the western Pacific, pp. 23-34 in Phytotaxa 155 (1)</i> on pages 31-32, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.155.1.2, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5100915">http://zenodo.org/record/5100915</a>
Diagnostic Raman signals of the interaction polybenzimidazole – phosphoric acid in membrane for Fuel Cells
No full textOne fundamental component of a fuel cell is the electrolyte, which separates the electrocatalytic active sites of the two electrode configurations. Phosphoric acid-doped poly(2,2’-(m-phenylene)-5,5’-bibenzimidazole) (PBI) polymers have been studied as membrane materials for the use in High Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (HT-PEFC), since they can be used at temperatures as high as 200 °C without humidification. Among the many possible PBI derivatives, a very promising material is poly(2,5-benzimidazole) (AB-PBI). [1-4]
In the present study, we report on a FT-Raman investigation of AB-PBI polymer membranes doped with various concentrations of ortho-phosphoric acid. Characteristic Raman spectra with three diagnostic regions and specific peaks have been studied. The information is of fundamental importance in order to elucidate the role of phosphoric acid in the conductivity mechanism of AB-PBI. [5]
Reference:
[1] J. N. Asensio, E. M. Sánchez and P. Gómez- Romero, Chem. Soc. Rev., 2010, 39, 3210-3239.
[2] C. Wannek, B. Kohnen, H.-F. Oetjen, H. Lippert and Mergel J., Fuel Cell, 2008, 8, 87-95.
[3] C. Wannek, W. Lehnert and J. Mergel, J. Power Sources, 2009, 192, 258-266.
[4] K. Wippermann, C. Wannek, H.-F. Oetjen, J. Mergel and W. Lehnert, J. Power Sources, 2010, 195, 2806-2809.
[5] F. Conti, A. Majerus, V. Di Noto, C. Korte, W. Lehnert, D. Stolten, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2012, 14, 10022-10026
Mycale jasoniae Lehnert, Stone & Heimler, 2006, sp. nov.
No full textMycale jasoniae sp. nov. (Fig. 14 a–f) Material Holotype: USNM 1084238 (51 ° 19.808 ' N, 179 ° 30.658 ' W, Amchitka Pass, 208 m depth, 0 3. 0 8. 2004). Description The holotype consists of two large and one small, yellow colored tubes (Fig. 14 a), basally connected. The surface is bulbous and the consistency rather soft, easily torn, fibrous. After freezing the specimen is now (Fig. 14 b), about 23 x 16 x 14 cm with irregularly distributed, conical processes. The color now is a darker yellow, with darker and lighter areas, some almost white. The specimen was attached to a cobble at the base. Skeleton: The ectosome is a tangential arrangement of short spicule tracts and single spicules with many microscleres in between.The choanosome consists of rather short spicule tracts, 60–95 µm in diameter which are frequently branching off side tracts and are running in all directions. This pattern is obscured by many single mega and microscleres in between without any recognizable orientation. Spicules: Megascleres are tylostyles (Fig. 14 c), 405–460 x 10–12 µm. Microscleres are anisochelae I (Figs. 14 d, e), 80–100 µm, anisochelae II (Fig. 14 f), 40–60 µm, rhaphides (Fig. 14 f), 42–65 µm. Discussion With its “mycalostyles”, two size categories of anisochelae and rhaphids this species has the characteristic spiculation of the genus Mycale. There are 17 species of Mycale known to occur in the area. M. jasoniae differs from all of them in the combination of two size categories of anisochelae with rhaphids. M. loveni (Fristedt, 1887) with its spicule set of tylostyles and two size categories of anisochelae is the most similar species. It differs from M. jasoniae in its stalked, funnel shaped growth, in lacking the rhaphids, in having tylostyles (350–509 x 13–16 µm) and large anisochelae (72–111 µm) of a larger size range and the small category of anisochelae (31–54 µm) is smaller. All other sympatric species of Mycale have sigmas among the microscleres or only one or three categories of anisochelae or have an additional category of microsclere. For a detailed comparison of all species of Mycale of the area with all spicule measurements included we refer to Lehnert, Stone & Heimler (2006: 20, table 4). Distribution Known only from the type locality.Published as part of Lehnert, Helmut, Stone, Robert & Heimler, Wolfgang, 2006, New species of deepsea demosponges (Porifera) from the Aleutian Islands (Alaska, USA), pp. 1-35 in Zootaxa 1250 on pages 23-27, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17301
Stelodoryx jamesorri Lehnert & Stone 2020, n. sp.
No full textStelodoryx jamesorri n. sp. (Fig. 4, Table 2) Material examined. Holotype ZSM20200327, intact specimen, stored in ethanol then dried (sample retained in ethanol), collected by J. Orr with a research survey bottom trawl from the FV Dominator; 4 June 2000, 144 m depth, haul station 71, north of Seguam Island, eastern Aleutian Islands (52° 44.04’ N, 172° 34.07’ W). Water temperature = 4.3 °C. Paratype. ZSM20200328, intact specimen, stored in ethanol then dried, collected by W. Palsson with a research survey bottom trawl from the FV Sea Storm; 24 July 2012, 94 m depth, haul station 174, Tahoma Reef, south of Buldir Island, western Aleutian Islands (51° 44.66’ N, 175° 51.24’ E. Water temperature = 4.9 °C. Description. The holotype (Figs. 4A & B) is funnel shaped and brown in color. Both sides of the funnel have a villous appearance, due to numerous ascending spicule tracts reaching above the surface. Numerous apertures, circular, 1–2 mm in diameter are present on the surfaces of both sides of the funnel, in most cases hidden by the long spicule tracts reaching above the surface. The short stalk merges gradually into the fan so it is difficult to give an exact height but, at 19 mm height the smooth surface of the stalk ends and the villous surface of the funnel begins. The stalk is round, 15 mm in diameter, hard and incompressible in the dry state. The paratype (Fig. 4C) is also stalked and flabellate, brown in color. The outline of the fan is undulating, approximately 32 x 22 cm with a thickness of 4–12 mm. The fan has two distinct sides, the upper side is optically smooth, the bottom side bears ridges, both sides with numerous circular apertures, 1–3 mm in diameter and flush with the surface. The sponge is only slightly compressible before breaking in the dry state. The stalk is hard, 3.5 cm in height, 3.4–4.2 cm in diameter. Skeletal architecture. The choanosome consists of a plumoreticulate skeleton with branching spicule tracts of styles to strongyloxeas, 90–280 µm in diameter, that are connected by single spicules (Fig. 4D). The spicule tracts can be several mm long and are visible to the unaided eye where the sponge is torn. The tracts are often running parallel to the surface and then make a turn towards the direction of the surface. In areas with villous surfaces spicule tracts end above the surface (Fig. 4E). The ectosome is very thin and not present everywhere. It consists of micro- spined tylotes either in bundles parallel to the surface but mostly singly without orientation and many isochelae of both size categories in between (Fig. 4F). The villous surfaces are dominated by ascending polyspicular tracts and an often missing ectosome or, where present the ectosome consists of sparsely distributed tylotes and more abundant microscleres and is often found between the spicule tracts. The smooth surfaces have a more developed ectosome with bundles of tylotes mostly oriented parallel to the surface. Spicules. Choanosomal strongyloxeas to styles (Fig. 5A), smooth or with one or both ends microspined (Fig. 5B), 325–520–657 x 33–36– 45 µm, ectosomal (aniso-) tylotes with microspined ends (Fig. 5C), 212–243–315 x 8–10– 12 µm, large polydentate isochelae (Fig. 5D), 82–123– 135 µm and small polydentate isochelae (Fig. 5E), 27–30– 32 µm. + Measurements from Topsent, 1892 (Topsent, 1890 provided no measurements). * Measurements from Koltun, 1958. Discussion. The new species deviates with its plumoreticulate skeleton from other Stelodoryx that have reticulate arrangements in the choanosome. Genetic sequences obtained from new material in the future might support the erection of a new genus for species with plumoreticulate choanosomal skeletons. Also unusual is the tendency of the styles to become strongyloxeas. In other respects it conforms to Stelodoryx in the combination of spicules, especially the isochelae are quite characteristic. Differences with other congeners are: Stelodoryx toporoki Koltun, 1958: from the Arctic Ocean and Sea of Okhotsk, is similar in habitus, both are stalked and flabellate to funnel-shaped species. Koltun described two different sides, an even oscular surface and a ridged ostial surface. Stelodoryx jamesorri n. sp. also has an even and a ridged surface in the paratype but indistinguishable apertures are present in abundance on both sides. The smaller holotype does not have different surfaces as both sides are villous. Stelodoryx toporoki has much longer choanosomal styles (up to 1140 µm vs. up to 657 µm in S. jamesorri n. sp.) that are considerably thinner (21–31 µm, vs. 34–45 µm) and has no strongyloxeas. Both categories of isochelae are smaller in S. jamesorri n. sp., though there is some overlap in size range. Stelodoryx flabellata Koltun, 1959: from the Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic Ocean, and Greenland and Barents Seas, has thinner ectosomal tornotes that are smooth, microspined styles and strongyles that are shorter and thinner, and only one category of isochelae that is intermediate to the size ranges of those in S. jamesorri . Stelodoryx lissostyla Koltun, 1959: from the Sea of Japan and North Pacific Ocean, has smooth ectosomal tornotes, shorter and thinner choanosomal styles, and two categories of isochelae both of which are smaller. Stelodoryx oxeata Lehnert et al., 2006: from the Aleutian Islands, has choanosomal oxeas, three categories of isochelae, and centrotylote sigmas. Stelodoryx pectinata Topsent, 1890: from the North Atlantic Ocean, has smooth ectosomal tornotes, choanosomal acanthostyles, and two categories of isochelae both of which are smaller. Stelodoryx pluridentata (Lundbeck, 1905): from the North and South Atlantic Ocean and North Pacific Ocean, has thinner choanosomal styles, and only one category of isochelae. Stelodoryx procera Topsent, 1904: from the North Atlantic Ocean, has thinner ectosomal tornotes, two categories of choanosomal spicules, shorter and thinner smooth styles and only one category of isochelae intermediate in size to the two categories of S. jamesorri n. sp. Stelodoryx vitiazi Koltun, 1955: from the North Pacific Ocean and Sea of Okhotsk, has thinner ectosomal tornotes, choanosomal acanthostyles, and only one category of isochelae. Stelodoryx mucosa Lehnert & Stone, 2015: from the Aleutian Islands, has choanosomal acanthostyles, only one category of isochelae, and additional sigmas. Stelodoryx siphofuscus Lehnert & Stone, 2015: from the Aleutian Islands, has style-shaped ectosomal spicules, choanosomal styles that are shorter and thinner, and two categories of isochelae with different size-ranges. Stelodoryx strongyloxeata n. sp. (description below): from the Aleutian Islands, has style-shaped ectosomal spicules that are shorter, shorter and thinner choanosomal strongyloxeas, and two categories of isochelae of different size-ranges. Etymology: We name the new species in honour of James “Jay” Orr who has spent decades of his career as a fisheries research biologist with the Alaska Fisheries Research Center carefully collecting and cataloging the marine life of the North Pacific Ocean.Published as part of Lehnert, Helmut & Stone, Robert P., 2020, Three new species of Poecilosclerida (Porifera, Demospongiae, Heteroscleromorpha) from the Aleutian Islands, Alaska, pp. 137-150 in Zootaxa 4851 (1) on pages 142-146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4851.1.5, http://zenodo.org/record/440730
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