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Studies of Copper Removal from Wastewater in the Fluidized-Bed Reactor
No full text本文應用流體化床反應槽為本體，分別應用流體化床結晶及吸附二種技術處理含銅廢水，以解決傳統含重金屬廢水處理所衍生之大量污泥之問題。
在應用流體化床結晶技術處理含銅廢水部分，分別針對最小流體化速度、銅離子與結晶試劑介穩區及最佳銅離子去除條件，加以研究。應用流體化床結晶技術處理含銅廢水需將操作條件控制於低過飽和度，以使得銅離子以核沉澱方式包覆於流體化床內之擔體表面。本實驗中相關之影響因子包括:pH值、結晶試劑與銅離子之莫耳比、水力負荷及結晶試劑種類等。實驗結果指出: 由介穩區之界定結果顯示當結晶試劑與銅離子之莫耳比([CT]/[Cu])=2時，相對之銅離子濃度限制為40 mg/L，然而在實際之流體化床反應槽操作下，因其流體化之擔體進行高速運動，形同一種快速攪拌行為，因此對於進流銅離子濃度限制較高為20 mg/L。當進流銅離子濃度為10 mg/L時，出流水銅離子去除率可達96%；最佳之結晶試劑為Na2CO3；最佳之結晶試劑與銅離子之莫耳比([CT]/[Cu])為2；水力負荷方面則不宜超過30 m/H。此外，避免於流體化床反應槽內發生沉澱反應(homogeneous nucleation)亦為一項非常重要之操作因子。一旦於流體化床反應槽內發生沉澱反應將導致出流水銅離子濃度增加，而將進流廢水與結晶試劑於流體化床擔體內進行混合，將可有效的降低於反應槽底部所發生之沉澱現象。針對結晶物分別利用掃瞄式電子顯微鏡(Scanning Electron Microscope, SEM)針對樣品表面進行觀察及照相，本實驗所使用之機種配有能量散射光譜儀(Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrum, EDS)，可同時針對樣品進行定性分析。而利用元素分析儀之分析結果推估結晶物中CuCO3及Cu(OH)2所佔之比例分別為46%及54%。
在應用流體化床吸附技術處理含銅廢水部分，本實驗係利用將錳砂填充於反應槽內做為吸附劑，利用將填充之錳砂以流體化方式，以有效去除廢水中之銅離子。本實驗中分別針對錳砂之吸附特性、錳砂對銅離子之吸附平衡及流體化床內錳砂對於銅離子之去除成效加以探討。
在錳砂表面性質及其吸附特性方面，利用掃瞄式電子顯微鏡針對樣品表面進行觀察及照相，並利用能量散射光譜儀進行錳砂之組成分分析，錳砂中重金屬錳含量利用消化方式測量結果約為8.03 mg-Mn/g-錳砂。實驗結果指出:利用流體化床反應槽內填充錳砂去除廢水中之銅離子，銅離子之去除受pH值高度影響，當pH值增加時，銅離子去除率亦隨之提升，而當錳砂吸附銅離子結束後，溶液中之pH值呈現下降情形。當錳砂添加量大於10 g/L時，應用流體化床反應槽去除銅離子之效果與傳統應用振盪器去除銅離子之效果幾乎相等，而當錳砂添加量達40 g/L時，應用流體化床反應槽吸附銅離子之效果則大於使用振盪器吸附銅離子之效果。此結果顯示於反應槽中添加錳砂做為吸附劑並將其流體化後，吸附劑表面之吸附位址(sites)可有效被利用。在等溫吸附實驗方面，利用錳砂吸附廢水中銅離子之實驗結果符合Langmuir等溫吸附方程式。此外，實驗結果亦顯示:當於溶液中進行曝氣時，有助於銅離子於錳砂表面之吸附。In this study, a fluidized-bed reactor (FBR) was employed to treat copper-containing wastewater by mean of copper precipitation on the surface of sand grains and adsorpted by manganese-coated sand (MCS).
In the study of copper crystallization on the sand surface, the conditions for optimum copper removal efficiency were also investigated. This technology was controlled so as to keep supersaturation low to induce the nucleated precipitation of copper coating on the sand surface in an FBR. The effects of relevant parameters, such as the pH value, the molar ratio of [CT] to [Cu], hydraulic loading and the types of chemical reagents used, were examined. The experimental results indicated that 96% copper removal efficiency could be achieved when the influent copper concentration was 10 mg/L. The optimum chemical reagent was Na2CO3; the molar ratio of [CT]/[Cu] was 2, and the optimal hydraulic loading was not be more than 30 m/h. In addition, preventing homogeneous nucleation in the FBR was an important operation parameter. Homogeneous nucleation and molecular growth would lead to undesirable microparticle formation in the effluent. A good mixture of carbonate and copper in the presence of sand grains could reduce the level of homogeneous nucleation in the bottom of the reactor. Energy Dispersive Analysis (EDS) of X-rays provided insight into the copper coating on the sand surface, and element analysis indicated the weight percentages of CuCO3 and Cu(OH)2 in precipitate are 46% and 54%.
Besides, by using of MCS to treat copper containing wastewater, it was performed in a fluidized-bed reactor (FBR) filled with MCS to treat copper-contaminated wastewater. The adsorption characteristics of MCS, the adsorption equilibrium of MCS, and the copper removal capacity by MCS in FBR were investigated. In terms of the adsorption characteristics of MCS, the surface of MCS was evaluated using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Energy Dispersive Analysis (EDS) of X-rays indicated the composition of MCS, and the quantity of manganese on MCS was determined by means of acid digestion analysis. The experimental results indicated that copper was removed by both sorption (ion exchange and adsorption) and coprecipitation on the surface of MCS in FBR. Copper removal efficiency was highly dependent on the pH and increased with increasing pH from pH 2 to 8. After the copper adsorption by MCS, the pH in solution was decreased. When the MCS concentration was greater than 10 g/L, the copper adsorptivities obtained by FBR were almost the same as that from the shaker and when the MCS concentration reached 40 g/L, the copper adsorptivity in FBR was greater than that from the shaker. The adsorption sites of MCS could be used efficiently by the FBR. A Langmuir adsorption isotherm equation fit the measured adsorption data from the batch equilibrium adsorption test better than the Freundlich adsorption isotherm equation did. In addition, the adsorption rate increased when the influent wastewater was aerated.誌謝……………………………………………………..…… I
中文摘要………………………………………………….…… II
英文摘要………………………………………………………… V
目錄………………………………………………………...… VI
圖目錄……………………………...………………………… XI
表目錄……………….………………………………………… XV
符號說明………………………………………………...… XVII
第一章 前言 ……………………………………… 1
1.1 研究背景 ……………………………………… 1
1.2 研究目標 ……………………………………… 2
第二章 文獻回顧 …………………………………………… 5
2.1重金屬廢水來源及特性………………………………… 5
2.1.1印刷電路板廢水特性 ……………………… 5
2.1.2電鍍業廢水特性 ……………………… 9
2.2以結晶技術去除廢水中重金屬之基本理論…………… 12
2.2.1 微溶物系過飽和度 ……………………… 12
2.2.2過飽和溶液之介穩區 ……………………… 13
2.2.3 晶體之成核現象 …………………………… 14
2.3 吸附理論 …………………………………………… 20
2.3.1吸附現象之分類 ……………………………… 20
2.3.2 吸附模式 ……………………………………… 23
2.3.3 影響吸附反應之因子…………………………… 28
2.4重金屬氧化物及重金屬之水化特性……….…… 32
2.4.1 重金屬氧化物水合現象………………….…..… 32
2.4.2 重金屬之水化特性…….……..………………… 36
2.4.3 水合金屬氧化物吸附水中陰/陽離子之相關研究… 39
2.5錳砂(Manganese-Coated Sand)吸附特性……….…… 43
2.5.1 錳氧化物之表面物化特性………………....…… 43
2.5.2 錳氧化物之種類及結構………………....…… 45
2.5.3 錳之水化特性……………..………………....…… 45
2.5.4 錳之氧化動力學……………..……………....…… 48
2.6流體化床操作技術原理與應用……………………… 49
2.6.1 流體化床水力學……………………….…..… 49
2.6.2 流體化床結晶原理…….……..………………… 53
2.6.3 流體化床之發展與應用……………..……………… 54
2.7流體化床結晶去除銅離子之質量平衡式………………… 61
第三章 實驗方法 …………………………………………… 63
3.1 流體化床結晶試驗 …………………………… 63
3.1.1 介穩區之介定實驗……………………………… 63
3.1.2 流體化床最小流體化速度之測定……………… 64
3.1.3 實驗設備、材料及方法…………………………… 69
3.1.4批次式化學混凝實驗…………………………… 72
3.1.5結晶/沉澱物特性分析…………………………… 72
3.2 流體化床吸附試驗 ………………..……………… 76
3.2.1實驗設備………………………...……….………… 76
3.2.2實驗材料………………………...……….………… 76
3.2.3實驗方法………………………...……….………… 78
3.3分析方法 …………………………………….………… 83
3.4分析儀器 ………………………………………………… 83
第四章 結果與討論 ………………………………………… 85
4.1流體化床結晶方式去除廢水中銅離子………………… 85
4.1.1碳酸銅之介穩區試驗結果………………………… 85
4.1.2 比銅離子負荷之影響…..…………………..……. 94
4.1.3加藥比([CT]/[Cu])及pH值之影響……..………… 98
4.1.4 水力負荷(Hydraulic Loading)之影響………… 102
4.1.5 結晶藥劑之選擇…………….…..……………… 109
4.1.6形成沉澱物之影響 ……………………………… 114
4.1.7 沉澱物及結晶物成份分析……………………… 117
4.1.8 模擬廢水之處理……………………...….……… 120
4.2流體化床吸附試驗…………………………………… 135
4.2.1 錳砂(Manganese-Coated Sand)表面特性分析 135
4.2.2錳砂添加量對銅離子去除效率之影響………… 138
4.2.3 pH值之影響及吸附過程中pH值變化情形………140
4.2.4錳砂吸附平衡探討………………..…………… 144
4.2.5 銅離子吸附過程中錳離子釋出情形…………… 149
4.2.6曝氣作用對於銅離子去除之影響…………… 151
4.2.7 恆溫動力脫附試驗…………………………...… 153
第五章 結論與建議 …………………………………….……… 159
5.1結論……………………………….………..…………… 159
5.1.1以流體化床結晶方式去除廢水中銅離子…..…… 159
5.1.2以流體化床吸附方式去除廢水中銅離子…… 162
5.2建議………………………..…………….……………… 163
參考文獻……………………………………………………… 16
Fatigue、Sleep Quality and Care Burden in Primary Caregivers of Cancer Patients with Pain
No full text疼痛是癌症病人相當常見的症狀，面對病人的疼痛，照顧者更是感同身受，且因為疼痛對病人日常生活的影響，將造成照顧者需花費更多的心力來提供照顧工作，將對照顧者的生活造成影響。本研究以橫斷式研究法，探討台北某二醫學中心之癌症疼痛之主要照顧者之疲倦程度、睡眠品質及照顧負荷之影響。共收集128對病人及其主要照顧者，資料包括病人及照顧者部分，病人方面有病人之人口學資料、病人身體功能狀態、病人接受的治療、病人疼痛強度及疼痛干擾，照顧者方面有照顧者人口學資料、照顧型態、收入狀況、照顧者焦慮及憂鬱狀況，再分別評估照顧者之疲倦程度、睡眠品質及照顧者負荷程度。資料分析以描述性統計、獨立t檢定、單因子變異數分析、皮爾森積差相關分析及逐步迴歸分析。結果發現：（1）主要照顧者最嚴重之疲倦程度為3.51分，睡眠品質指標為11.53分，照顧者負荷的嚴重程度依序為時間安排負荷、經濟負荷、健康負荷及家人支持負荷。（2）病人疼痛強度與照顧者疲倦程度、睡眠品質及照顧負荷無相關，而病人整體疼痛干擾與照顧者疲倦程度及照顧者家人支持負荷呈正相關，與照顧者睡眠品質呈負相關。（3）照顧者疲倦程度方面之重要預測因子為病人教育年數及照顧者焦慮程度，可解釋的變異量為30.8％（p<.000）；睡眠品質方面之重要預測因子為病人整體疼痛干擾、照顧者焦慮及憂鬱程度，可解釋的變異量為25.8％（p<.000）；健康負荷之重要預測因子為照顧型態--家人及陪病員共同照顧、照顧者焦慮及憂鬱程度，可解釋的變異量為44.8％（p<.000）；時間安排負荷之重要預測因子為照顧者憂鬱程度，可解釋的變異量為11.3％（p<.000）；經濟負荷之重要預測因子為照顧後收入—高於支出、照顧者焦慮及憂鬱程度，可解釋的變異量為32.7％（p<.000）；家人支持負荷之重要預測因子為照顧者年齡、照顧前收入—高於支出、照顧有輪替、照顧者憂鬱程度，可解釋的變異量為28.8％（p<.000）。本研究結果可見照顧者的角色與病人的疼痛症狀將對照顧者產生不同層面生活的影響，建議適時評估照顧者的狀況，提供照顧者支持，以緩解其生活的衝擊，減輕照顧者疲倦程度、改善照顧者睡眠品質及照顧者負荷程度，進而提供良好的照顧品質。Pain is a common symptom of cancer and has an impact on both patients and caregivers. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to explore the impacts of cancer pain on caregivers’ fatigue、sleep quality and burden in taking care of cancer patients with pain. A total of 128 cancer pain patients and their primary caregiver dyads were recruited from 2 medical centers in Taiwan. The major variables assessed in patients were their pain experiences (pain intensity and pain interference); the major variables assessed in their caregivers were caregivers’ fatigue, sleep, depression and anxiety, caregiver’s burdens, and types of caregiving. The major results showed that（1）Caregivers reported to have mild to moderate levels of fatigue and sleep quality. The caregivers’ burdens were ranked from heavy to low were (1) burden from time arrangement, (2) economics situation, (3) health status, and (4) family’s support respectively. The levels of patients’ pain interference were positively correlated with caregivers’ fatigue and burden and negatively correlated with caregivers’ sleep quality. The results of the analysis of the factors to predict caregivers’ distress (fatigue, sleep quality, and 4 kinds of burdens) showed, in general, that patients’ pain interferences, caregivers’ anxiety and depression, caregivers’ income, and care-giving types) are the major factors. Overall, the findings suggest that pain interference on patients’ daily life would impact on caregivers’ distress. Caregivers’ depression, anxiety and care-giving pattern should be assessed to ensure better care for cancer pain patients and their caregivers.頁數一章 緒論 第一節 前言……………………………………………… 1 第二節 研究目的………………………………………… 3二章 文獻查證 第一節 癌症疼痛………………………………………… 4 第二節 主要照顧者……………………………………… 8 第三節 主要照顧者的疲倦程度、睡眠品質及照顧 負荷…10 第四節 研究架構及研究假設……………………………15 第五節 名詞操作型定義…………………………………17三章 研究方法 第一節 研究設計…………………………………………18 第二節 研究對象…………………………………………18 第三節 研究工具…………………………………………19 第四節 研究步驟…………………………………………23 第五節 資料處理與分析…………………………………24 第六節 研究倫理…………………………………………26四章 結果分析 第一節 病人之人口學特質、疾病相關資料與疼痛特 質…………………………………………………28 第二節 照顧者人口學特質、照顧型態與心理狀態……32 第三節 照顧者的疲倦程度、睡眠品質及照顧負荷……36 第四節 病人及主要照顧者之人口學特質、照顧者 心理狀況、病人治療相關特質與照顧者的 疲倦程度、睡眠品質及照顧負荷的相關………39 第五節 照顧者之相關照顧情形與照顧者的疲倦程 度、睡眠品質及照顧負荷的相關………………43 第六節 病人疼痛強度與疼痛干擾的相關………………47 第七節 病人疼痛強度、疼痛干擾與照顧者的疲倦 程度、睡眠品質及照顧負荷的相關分析………49 第八節 照顧者的疲倦程度、睡眠品質及照顧負荷 的預測因素………………………………………52五章 討論 第一節 癌症病人疼痛現況………………………………55 第二節 主要照顧者的疲倦程度、睡眠品質及照顧 負荷程度…………………………………………57 第三節 照顧者的疲倦程度、睡眠品質及照顧負荷 程度之相關因素…………………………………60六章 結論與建議 第一節 結論………………………………………………66 第二節 研究限制…………………………………………68 第三節 建議…………………………………………… 69考資料 中文部分……………………………………………………71 英文部分……………………………………………………72錄 附錄一 病人基本資料表…………………………………… 79 附錄二 簡明疼痛量表……………………………………… 80 附錄三 照顧者基本資料表………………………………… 82 附錄四 照顧者反應評估量表……………………………… 83 附錄五 疲憊程度數字評估量表…………………………… 84 附錄六 睡眠評估量表（KSD）…………………………… 84 附錄七 醫院焦慮憂鬱量表………………………………… 85表目次 頁數一 研究架構…………………………………………………… 15一 推論統計的方法…………………………………………… 25二 癌痛病人之人口學特質…………………………………… 29三 癌痛病人治療相關特質…………………………………… 30四 癌痛病人疼痛特質………………………………………… 31五 癌痛病人之照顧者人口學特質與照顧型態……………… 33六 癌痛病人之照顧者相關照顧情形………………………… 34七 癌痛病人之照顧者心理狀態……………………………… 35八 照顧者的疲倦程度、睡眠品質及照顧負荷……………… 37九 病人及主要照顧者之人口學特質和照顧者心理狀況與照 顧者的疲倦程度、睡眠品質及照顧負荷相關分析……… 41十 病人治療相關特質與照顧者的疲倦程度、睡眠品質及照 顧負荷差異分析…………………………………………… 42十一 照顧者相關照顧情形與照顧者的疲倦程度、睡眠品質及 照顧負荷差異分析………………………………………… 44十二 癌痛病人疼痛強度與疼痛干擾的相關分析……………… 48十三 癌痛病人疼痛強度、疼痛干擾與照顧者的疲倦程度、睡 眠品質及照顧負荷的相關分析…………………………… 50十四 癌痛病人疼痛干擾種類與照顧者的疲倦程度、睡眠品質 及照顧負荷的相關分析…………………………………… 51十五 預測照顧者的疲倦程度、睡眠品質及照顧負荷相關變項 之逐步迴歸分析…………………………………………… 5
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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