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la cartografia geopolitica negli atlanti Putzger del primo dopoguerra
No full textThis article analyses how propagandistic cartography from the Weimar Republic times was not only adopted, but also re-elaborated in the well known historical school atlas Putzger. The author compares propagandistic geopolitical -in a Ratzelian meaning- maps produced mainly by völkisch groups and geo- and cartographic societies during the twenties and the thirties with their equivalents inside Putzger’s editions from the same period. These maps were specifically created for the sake of nationalistic propaganda and can be divided in three categories: Volks- und Kulturboden (ethnic- and cultural body) maps, Germany’s alleged desperate strategic situation maps and regional organic unity maps. The methodological instruments used for this article derive mostly from critical cartography and historical cartography works such as Rethinking the Power of Maps by Denis Wood et al and The History of Cartography by John Brian Harley and David Woodward. Notably, the author employs the cartographical analysis instruments from these works to study historical atlases maps. The analysis reveals how the flexibility of the medium historical atlas succeded not only in adopting the geopolitical propaganda maps, but also in re-elaborating them in more refined and powerful ones. This reprocessing was mainly achieved through the psychological use of colours, which permits to invisibly influence the atlases’ users, and through the positioning of the maps, which is a powerful way to associate different elements in the user’s mind
Historical Atlases’ Western Studies in English and German: A Review
No full textThe number of western academic studies on historical atlases has always been relatively low, even noted by the authors of previous research that investigated this unique field that intersects both cartography and historiography. The recent increase in attention that this field has been receiving in the last two decades demonstrates the historical atlas is a subject of study worthy of consideration with a research potential yet to be fully understood. The purpose of this article is to 1) provide a review of the studies on historical atlases in English and German, 2) to propose a division of the studies in two different schools (German and British-American) and 3) to highlight both recent developments and significant gaps in research on historical atlases. Finally, we offer recommendations for future research on historical atlases
The Use of Colors in Historical Atlases
Full text linkThe use of colour in cartography has received a great deal of attention for its capability to convey information in map-making ever since Jacques Bertin’s famous Se ́miologie Graphique (published 1967). Since most studies on the use of colour in cartography clearly highlight the communicative power of colour in cartography, it is interesting and surprising that the use of colour to convey messages beyond the declared one is not taken into consideration into these works. The possible attempt of cartographers to imply nationalistic propaganda by their use of colour and its analysis is left to books on cartographic propaganda, to studies on historical atlases, or to articles on thematic maps. To merge these two topics, an analysis of South Tyrolean-themed maps taken from the most important German and Italian historical atlases based on psychological, symbolic, and optical theories is given. The analysed atlases were been published between the end of the processes of national unification and the aftermath of the Second World War, the period in which the South Tyrol was most disputed between German and Italian nationalists
South Tyrol Maps in German and Italian School Historical Atlases as Nationalistic Cartographic 'Workshop'
No full textSchool Historical Atlases and Historical Atlases mainly designed for educational uses had a significant impact and role in the diffusion and propagation of the idea of nation-state and, in a specular way, national school system played a fundamental role in the diffusion of such works. The role of Historical Atlases in the development of nationalistic narrations has recently been extensively studied by some scholars in their works such as Jeremy Black, Patrick Lehn and Sylvia Schraut. In particular, Deutschlandbilder: Historische schulatlanten zwischen 1871 und 1990 : Ein handbuch by Lehn (2008) and Kartierte Nationalgeschichte by Schraut (2011) focused exclusively on the process of conception, creation and production of school historical atlases, and the relationships between those atlases’ authors and publishers and various governmental (the ministries of education above all) and para-governmental offices (such as geographic and cartographic societies and history teachers’ associations).
Border Regions have long been subjects of historiographical, geographical and cartographical research. As Border Regions are natural subjects of border changes and claims, there has been a long history of nationalistic cartographic production created to strengthen or counterpoise such claims. For this reason, Border Regions have become the ‘designed battlefield’ for opposing ‘national cartographies’. Nationalistic cartographic productions on Border Regions involve several types of cartographies, from postage stamps maps to atlases, including historical atlases.
The scope of my PhD thesis is to analyse how a particular Border Region, the territory which is now known as the Autonomous Province of Bolzano – South Tyrol, has been depicted in the cartographic production of the Historical Atlases created by the opposing nationalisms, the German and the Italian ones, which, during most of the 19th and 20th centuries, wrestled for its control. The analysis is limited to historical atlases published between the end of the processes of national unification of both Germany and Italy (Germany was unified in 1871 and Italy acquired its capital Rome in 1870. For this reason, the starting date used for this thesis is 1871) and the aftermath of the Second World War (early 1960s). More precisely, this thesis speculates that Border Regions’ maps in Historical Atlases (in this case, maps that depict South Tyrol) have been used as actual ‘workshops’ for cartographic propaganda, in which new features are tested. The timeline choice resides in the fact that this period is the one in which a national consciousness was developed by the nation states and in which there was a high degree of continuity in nationalistic propaganda policies. After the end of the Second World War, aggressive nationalistic policies were gradually, but not entirely, abandoned even if they were still enforced at the beginning of the 1960s. The choice of only analysing school historical atlases is dictated by the fact that, even if the production of this kind of atlas was never (neither in Germany, nor in Italy) officially under the control of the state, the development of nation states could be displayed through historical atlases, and national school system played a significant role in the propagation of this kind of atlases.
For this project, a series of qualitative and quantitative analysis of the maps’ features have been developed. The maps’ features that has been analysed in the project include type of maps (i.e. cultural, military, economic, ethnographical etc.), time period covered (i.e. medieval, modern etc.), size of maps, toponyms, use of colours and border adjustments. The thesis, organized in four articles plus introduction and conclusions, highlights the pioneering importance for the cartographic propaganda field of Border Regions maps contained in historical atlases.L’obiettivo della tesi è quello di analizzare le carte riguardanti il Sudtirolo negli atlanti storici per la scuola tedeschi e italiani prodotti dalla fine dei processi di unificazione nazionale al secondo dopoguerra e di dimostrare come queste carte siano stati dei veri e propri laboratori per la sperimentazione di nuove tecniche di propaganda cartografica. Le carte analizzate sono state in tutto 420, tratte da 25 edizioni dei seguenti atlanti storici: Putzgers Historischer Schul-Atlas, Westermann Atlas zur Weltgeschichte, Testo-Atlante di geografia storica generale e d’Italia in particolare e l’Atlante Storico DeAgostini.
Lo scopo del primo articolo è quello di fare una review degli studi (in ambito occidentale) sugli atlanti storici, proporre una divisione degli studi in due differenti scuole (Tedesca e Britannico-Americana) ed evidenziare sia gli sviluppi recenti che le lacune della ricerca. Infine, sono anche state avanzate delle proposte per gli sviluppi futuri della ricerca sugli atlanti storici, legate alla necessità di definire una sistematica metodologia storico-geografica per lo studio di questi atlanti (si veda la sezione metodologica per ulteriori dettagli).
Il secondo articolo si concentra primariamente sull’atlante Putzger. Prendendo spunto dagli studi sulla propaganda cartografica nazista e sull’analisi culturalista della cartografia, l’articolo si pone come obiettivo quello di analizzare come la cartografia propagandistica dei tempi della Repubblica di Weimar sia stata non solo adottata, ma anche rielaborata all’interno delle contemporanee edizioni del Putzger. Nell’articolo vengono comparate carte propagandistiche e geopolitiche – nell’accezione Ratzeliana del termine – prodotte principalmente dai gruppi völkisch e dalle società geografiche e cartografiche negli anni Venti e Trenta con i loro equivalenti all'interno delle edizioni di Putzger dello stesso periodo. Nell’articolo, oltre ad analizzare l’ampio lavoro di rielaborazione cartografica a scopo propagandistico all’interno del Putzger, viene sottolineata l’importanza delle cosiddette Border Regions (tra cui il Sudtirolo) nella propaganda nazionalistica cartografica.
Il terzo articolo è dedicato interamente all’uso dei colori negli atlanti storici. Poiché la maggior parte degli studi sull’uso del colore nella produzione cartografica evidenzia chiaramente il potere comunicativo del colore nella cartografia, è interessante e sorprendente constatare come l'’so di colori per veicolare messaggi diversi da quelli dichiarati non sia stato considerato in questi studi. Il possibile tentativo da parte di alcuni cartografi di fare propaganda nazionalistica attraverso l’uso dei colori nelle mappe e la sua analisi è lasciato a libri sulla propaganda cartografica, a studi sugli atlanti storici e ad articoli sulle mappe tematiche. Per fondere queste due tematiche, nell’articolo è stata fornita un’analisi delle carte dedicate al Sudtirolo tratte dai più importanti atlanti storici tedeschi e italiani per la scuola basata su teorie psicologiche, simboliche e ottiche.
L’ultimo articolo può essere considerato quello conclusivo e racchiude la sintesi della ricerca. Nell’articolo viene specificato come le cosiddette Border Regions siano da tempo oggetto di ricerca storiografica, geografica e cartografica e come uno dei temi più importanti della ricerca sulle Border Regions siano le complesse relazioni createsi tra i vari nazionalismi concorrenti nelle zone di confine (come il Sudtirolo) degli imperi multinazionali del XIX e XX secolo. Poiché le Border Regions sono naturalmente soggette ai cambi di confine e a rivendicazioni, esiste sia una lunga storia di produzioni cartografiche nazionalistiche per rafforzare o per contrapporsi a tali rivendicazioni e sia una tradizione di studi su queste produzioni. Le produzioni cartografiche nazionalistiche sulle Border Regions hanno riguardato diversi tipi di cartografie, dalle mappe sui francobolli agli atlanti, tra cui gli atlanti storici. Considerato l'importante ruolo degli atlanti storici nello sviluppo di narrazioni nazionalistiche, non sorprende che molte mappe incluse in queste atlante siano dedicate alle Border Regions, né che le mappe dedicate a queste regioni siano particolarmente raffinate nella cura dei dettagli e dello sforzo propagandistico. Lo scopo dell’ultimo articolo è stato quello di analizzare le mappe delle Border Regions negli atlanti storici scolastici tedeschi e italiani e dimostrare come, nel caso particolare delle mappe che rappresentano il Sudtirolo, siano state veri e propri “laboratori” per la propaganda cartografica. Dallo studio di queste carte sembra emergere l’effettiva natura di “laboratorio” per la propaganda cartografica delle carte dedicate al Sudtirolo negli atlanti storici tedeschi e italiani del periodo preso in considerazione, con una particolare cura per l’uso dei colori, dei toponimi e dei confini linguistici
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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