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ASMA BRONCHIALE E RINITE ALLERGICA: RUOLO DEL RECETTORE ST2 SUI LINFOCITI T HELPER 2
Get PDFAsma bronchiale e rinite allergica: ruolo del recettore ST2 sui linfociti T helper 2
Introduzione: Secondo recenti ricerche i linfociti T helper 2 (Th2) sono coinvolti nello stato infiammatorio cronico associato all'asma bronchiale e alla rinite allergica (1). Un ruolo importante nella patogenesi è stato attribuito alla produzione epiteliale di alcune nuove citochine, come l’IL-17A e l’IL-33 con il suo peculiare recettore ST2 espresso selettivamente sulle cellule Th2 (2,3). L’IL-17A e l’IL-33 sono implicate nell’indurre l’infiammazione Th2 dipendente della mucosa bronchiale e nasale innescando la produzione di altre citochine infiammatorie tra cui l’IL-31(4).
Materiali e Metodi: Campioni di plasma sono stati raccolti da pazienti con rinite allergica, da pazienti con comorbidità asma/rinite e da soggetti controllo, reclutati per lo studio in seguito ad anamnesi fisiopatologica, intervista preliminare, spirometria e Prick Test. Le concentrazioni plasmatiche dell’IL-31, dell’IL-33 e dell’IL-17A sono state misurate con dosaggio ELISA. Inoltre, l’IL-17A, l’IL-31 e il recettore ST2 sono stati acquisiti e valutati mediante analisi al citofluorimetro sui PBMC isolati dal sangue periferico di alcuni dei suddetti pazienti. Infine, si è proceduto alla valutazione dell’attività in vitro di uno steroide, il Beclometasone Dipropionato (BDP) (10−8M e 10−7M), sull’espressione delle citochine intracellulari IL-17A e IL-31 in associazione con il recettore ST2 in colture di PBMCs.
Risultati: È stato osservato che i livelli plasmatici di IL-17A, IL-31 e IL-33 sono aumentati in maniera statisticamente significativa sia nei pazienti con rinite allergica che nei pazienti con comorbidità asma/rinite rispetto ai controlli. I dati ottenuti dall'analisi al citofluorimetro hanno rivelato incrementi statisticamente significativi di espressione delle citochine intracellulari IL-17A e IL-31 in ognuno dei gruppi di pazienti allergici rispetto al gruppo controllo. Allo stesso tempo, i livelli di espressione del recettore ST2 sulle cellule degli stessi pazienti sono risultati considerevolmente più bassi rispetto ai controlli. Infine, è stato osservato che il BDP riduce significativamente i livelli intracellulari di IL-17A e di IL-31 nei PBMCs di questi pazienti in confronto alla baseline e che, per quanto riguarda invece l’espressione del recettore ST2 sulla membrana delle cellule T, è stato riscontrato un aumento dose-dipendente, che diventa significativo alla concentrazione di BDP 10-7M.
Conclusioni: In base ai dati sperimentali ottenuti, si è potuto quindi concludere che esiste una correlazione tra l’aumento di IL-17A, l’attivazione dell’asse IL-33/ST2 e l’incremento di IL-31 nell’asma bronchiale e nella rinite allergica e che queste tre nuove citochine potrebbero quindi rappresentare dei validi biomarcatori valutabili per la patogenesi e per la diagnosi di asma e rinite. Infine, i risultati di questo studio hanno supportato il potenziale approccio terapeutico mediante l’impiego di BDP nel controllo dell’infiammazione locale e sistemica, generata dalla risposta immunitaria Th2- e Th17-mediata, in pazienti con malattie infiammatorie allergiche delle vie aeree.
1. Saenz SA et al. IL25 elicits a multipotent progenitor cell population that promotes T(H)2 cytikine responses. Nature. 2010;464(7293):1362-6.
2. Glück J. et al. Serum IL-33 but not ST2 level is elevated in intermittent allergic rhinitis and is a marker of the disease severity. Inflamm. Res. 2012;61:547-550.
3. Kamekura R. et al. The role of IL-33 and its receptor ST2 in human nasal epithelium with allergic rhinitis. Clin. Exp.Allergy. 2012;42(2):218-228.
4. Okano M. et al. Characterization of pollen antigen-induced IL-31 production by PBMCs in patients with allergic rhinitis. JACI. 2010;127(1):277-9.Bronchial Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis: Role of ST2 receptor on T helper 2 lymphocytes.
Introduction: T helper 2 (Th2) lymphocytes play an important role in the chronic inflammatory process concerning bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis (1), regulating the production of some new cytokines, IL-17A and IL-33 with ST2 receptor, selectively expressed on the Th2 cells surface (2, 3), by the airway epithelium. IL-17A and IL-33 are involved in the Th2 cells-mediate induction of the bronchial and nasal mucosa inflammation, triggering the production of more inflammatory cytokines, including IL-31 (4).
Materials and Methods: Plasma samples from allergic rhinitis, both asthma and rhinitis patients and control subjects were collected. These subjects were recruited for this study following pathophysiological history, preliminary interview, spirometry and Prick Test. Plasma concentrations of IL-31, IL-33 and IL-17A were measured by ELISA. Also, IL-17A, IL-31 and ST2 receptor were evaluated by flow cytometric analysis on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of some of these patients. After all, the in vitro activity of a steroidal drug, Beclomethasone Dipropionate (BDP) (10−8M e 10−7M), was evaluated on the intracellular cytokines IL-17A and IL-31 expression, together with ST2 receptor levels in PBMCs cultures.
Results: IL-17A, IL-31 e IL-33 plasma levels were significantly higher in patients with allergic rhinitis and in those with both asthma and rhinitis than in control subjects. Flow cytometer data show that the expression of the intracellular cytokines IL-31 and IL-17A were increased in all patients categories compared to controls. At the same time, ST2 receptor expression levels, on T cells surface of these same patients, were significantly lower than those in control subjects. Finally, has been observed that BDP substantially decreases intracellular levels of IL-17A and IL-31 cytokines in PBMCs of these patients compared to baseline. Rather, the ST2 receptor surface expression was increased in a dose-dependent manner and, significantly, at BDP concentration 10-7M.
Conclusions: In the present study, the experimental data suggest that there is a correlation between higher levels of IL-17A, activation of IL-33/ST2 axis and increased concentration of IL-31 in bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis and that these three new cytokines could therefore represent valid biomarkers evaluable in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of both diseases. At last, the results of this study supported the potential therapeutic approach by BDP in local and systemic inflammation control, of Th2 and Th17 immune response, in patients with inflammatory diseases of allergic airways.
1. Saenz S.A. et al. IL25 elicits a multipotent progenitor cell population that promotes T(H)2 cytokine responses. Nature. 2010;464(7293):1362-6.
2. Glück J. et al. Serum IL-33 but not ST2 level is elevated in intermittent allergic rhinitis and is a marker of the disease severity. Inflamm. Res. 2012;61:547-550.
3. Kamekura R. et al. The role of IL-33 and its receptor ST2 in human nasal epithelium with allergic rhinitis. Clin. Exp.Allergy. 2012;42(2):218-228.
4. Okano M. et al. Characterization of pollen antigen-induced IL-31 production by PBMCs in patients with allergic rhinitis. JACI. 2010;127(1):277-9
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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