37 research outputs found
Global compilation of brGDGT lipid distributions, temperature, and pH across a dozen sample types
No full textLipid and environmental data were compiled from previously published datasets of modern samples that used the most recent chromatographic methods that separate 5- and 6-methyl isomers. The compiled dataset (n = 3129) consisted of bone (n = 202), groundwater (n = 7), lake water meso/microcosm (n = 36), lake surface sediment (n = 343), lake water SPM (n = 228, including sediment traps (n = 115) and water filtrates (n = 113)), low DO lake water SPM (n = 138, including sediment traps (n = 29) and water filtrates (n = 109)), authigenic carbonates from a marine methane cold seep (n = 13), marine surface sediment (n = 325, including deep ocean trench sediments (n = 31)), marine SPM (water filtrates, n = 25), peat (n = 473), riverine surface sediments (n = 71) and SPM (water filtrates, n = 85), and soil (n = 1183, including permafrost active layer (n = 17)). Data from other sample media, including hot springs, speleothems, and hydrothermal vents, could not be included as these studies did not separate the 5- and 6-methyl isomers. Fractional abundances (FAs) were calculated according to Raberg et al., (2021).
We compiled the brGDGT FAs and, to the best of our ability, associated temperature and pH values from previously published datasets. We selected temperature parameters that were widely supported in the literature when possible. Where a consensus had yet to be reached (e.g., marine sediments), we selected standardizable and accessible parameters (e.g., sea surface temperatures). These selections are not intended to opine on these areas of research, only to allow for broad comparison with other sample types in this study
Stadt-Theater in Düsseldorf / Egmont : heute Dienstag den 26. April 1859 ; Trauerspiel in 5 Aufzügen
No full textvon Göthe. Mit Musik von L. van Beethoven. Personen: Herr Bolzius, Herr Eichenwald, Herr Löwe, Herr Köth, Herr Bürger, Herr Wenzlawsky, Herr Kelp, Fräul. Wagner, Frau Gernert, Herr Schwing, Herr Harrig, Herr Metz, Herr Raberg, Herr von Zobel, G. Meisinger, Herr Freudenberg, Herr Nitsche ... G. J. MeisingerIn Fraktu
Genetic complexity and gametocyte production of Plasmodium falciparum in Fulani and Mossi communities in Burkina Faso
No full textWe have examined Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte prevalence, density and their genetic complexity among children of 2 sympatric ethnic groups (Mossi and Fulani) in villages in Burkina Faso. The 2 groups are known to have distinct differences in their Susceptibility and immune responses to malaria. We used RT-PCR and sequence-specific probes to detect and type RNA of the gametocyte-specific protein Pfs48/45. There were no differences in detection rates of asexual forms and gametocytes among the 2 groups, using PCR and RT-l'CR, respectively. However, there were significant differences in densities of asexual forms and gametocytes, which were both higher among Mossi than Fulani. Both asexual forms and gametocyte densities were influenced by age and ethnicity. Multiple-clone infections with more than 1 gametocyte genotype were equally prevalent among Fulani and Mossi. These differences can most probably be attributed to genetic differences in malaria susceptibility in the 2 ethnic groups
The coevolution of virulence : tolerance in perspective
No full textCoevolutionary interactions, such as those between host and parasite, predator and prey, or plant and pollinator, evolve subject to the genes of both interactors. It is clear, for example, that the evolution of pollination strategies can only be understood with knowledge of both the pollinator and the pollinated. Studies of the evolution of virulence, the reduction in host fitness due to infection, have nonetheless tended to focus on parasite evolution. Host-centric approaches have also been proposed-for example, under the rubric of "tolerance", the ability of hosts to minimize virulence without necessarily minimizing parasite density. Within the tolerance framework, however, there is room for more comprehensive measures of host fitness traits, and for fuller consideration of the consequences of coevolution. For example, the evolution of tolerance can result in changed selection on parasite populations, which should provoke parasite evolution despite the fact that tolerance is not directly antagonistic to parasite fitness. As a result, consideration of the potential for parasite counter-adaptation to host tolerance-whether evolved or medially manipulated-is essential to the emergence of a cohesive theory of biotic partnerships and robust disease control strategies.Peer reviewe
Immune-mediated competition in rodent malaria is most likely caused by induced changes in innate immune clearance of merozoites
No full textMalarial infections are often genetically diverse, leading to competitive interactions between parasites. A quantitative understanding of the competition between strains is essential to understand a wide range of issues, including the evolution of virulence and drug resistance. In this study, we use dynamical-model based Bayesian inference to investigate the cause of competitive suppression of an avirulent clone of Plasmodium chabaudi (AS) by a virulent clone (AJ) in immuno-deficient and competent mice. We test whether competitive suppression is caused by clone-specific differences in one or more of the following processes: adaptive immune clearance of merozoites and parasitised red blood cells (RBCs), background loss of merozoites and parasitised RBCs, RBC age preference, RBC infection rate, burst size, and within-RBC interference. These processes were parameterised in dynamical mathematical models and fitted to experimental data. We found that just one parameter μ, the ratio of background loss rate of merozoites to invasion rate of mature RBCs, needed to be clone-specific to predict the data. Interestingly, μ was found to be the same for both clones in single-clone infections, but different between the clones in mixed infections. The size of this difference was largest in immuno-competent mice and smallest in immuno-deficient mice. This explains why competitive suppression was alleviated in immuno-deficient mice. We found that competitive suppression acts early in infection, even before the day of peak parasitaemia. These results lead us to argue that the innate immune response clearing merozoites is the most likely, but not necessarily the only, mediator of competitive interactions between virulent and avirulent clones. Moreover, in mixed infections we predict there to be an interaction between the clones and the innate immune response which induces changes in the strength of its clearance of merozoites. What this interaction is unknown, but future refinement of the model, challenged with other datasets, may lead to its discovery
Distinct haplotype structure at the innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor 2 across bank vole populations and lineages in Europe
No full textOpportunities and challenges for spintronics in the microelectronics industry
No full textSpintronic devices exploit the spin, as well as the charge, of electrons and could bring new capabilities to the microelectronics industry. However, in order for spintronic devices to meet the ever-increasing demands of the industry, innovation in terms of materials, processes and circuits are required. Here, we review recent developments in spintronics that could soon have an impact on the microelectronics and information technology industry. We highlight and explore four key areas: magnetic memories, magnetic sensors, radio-frequency and microwave devices, and logic and non-Boolean devices. We also discuss the challenges—at both the device and the system level—that need be addressed in order to integrate spintronic materials and functionalities into mainstream microelectronic platforms
Testing and evaluation of natural durability of wood in above ground conditions in Europe - an overview
No full textNatural durability of wood is determined by the European standard EN 252 for specimens in ground contact and EN 113 for basidiomycetes in the laboratory, but no test exists for above ground conditions. For above ground conditions, the European prestandard ENV 12037 and EN 330 are used to determine the durability of treated wood. The most important factors for fungal establishment on the surface and within wood are the moisture content, the surrounding temperature, and the relative humidity. Strength tests are the most sensitive for decay detection, but neither strength tests nor identification of fungi responsible for the decay are included in the standards of above ground durability in field tests. To detect decay, visual examination , pick or splinter tests, and mass loss determination are used. Identifying fungi with traditional methods, e.g., growth on solid medium, is time consuming and complicated. Molecular methods like polymerase chain reaction and sequencing do not require mycological skill for identification to species level, and furthermore the methods do not depend on the subjective judgement like most traditional methods, but are based on the objective information of the target organism (e.g., nucleotide sequences). The next generation of standard field tests will probably consider the drawbacks of standard tests today and be rapid and include both quality tests like molecular identification and nondestructive quantitative tests, e.g., acoustic tests. Laboratory tests can be improved by using fungi identified from field trials and by combining different fungi in the same test and thus simulate degradation in practice.</p
Animal Defenses against Infectious Agents: Is Damage Control More Important Than Pathogen Control?
No full textExternal and internal fungal flora of pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) specimens in above-ground field tests at six different sites in south-west Germany
No full textThe occurrence of fungal species on pine sapwood samples obtained from an above-ground field test study was analysed by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP), cloning, and sequencing. Samples were taken from eight double-layer set-ups that were exposed to the environment at six different locations in south-west Germany. The occurrence of fungal species was correlated with decay intensity and rot types on one hand, and characteristics of the test sites, such as precipitation, average temperature and height above sea level on the other hand. In total, 62 different fungal species were found based on T-RFLP cloning and sequencing. Of the 39 species that were found four or more times, 30 were ascomycetes, five were basidiomycetes, and four could not be classified. The most common fungus found in this study was Coniochaeta ligniaria ((Grev.) Cooke), a soft rot fungus that occurred in 87 of 152 samples (57%). No single factor at the test sites seemed to be decisive for the abundance of fungal species or decay intensity. Within the first years of this study, soft rot fungi was found more frequently in pine sapwood specimens than basidiomycetes.</p
