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La ceramica e i fittili non vascolari del Bronzo finale provenienti dall’ustrinum/luogo di culto funerario di Salorno - Dos de la Forca (Cava Girardi) (BZ). Inquadramento cronologico e culturale
No full textThe site of Salorno - Dos de La Forca is located just
north of the homonymous lock, on the left side of the
river Adige, about 30 kilometers south of Bolzano. The
locality is known for having given back on several times
evidence of prehistoric, protohistoric and Roman frequentation.
The site was discovered in 1986 in a quarry cultivated
for the extraction of gravel, at the foot of the talus
cone that lies on the rocky walls of Monte Alto (Geiersberg,
1083 m). In the following year, the Soprintendenza
Provinciale ai Beni Culturali of Bolzano ordered
an archaeological excavation to be carried out in an
area partially damaged by mechanical means for the
excavation of a large pit intended for waste disposal.
At the time of the intervention, of the four visible sections,
the southern section presented the best preserved
stratigraphic sequence with regard to the depositional
events of the debris cone.
The microenvironmental context of the site is that
of an acclive talus that has been deposited at the foot of
the imposing rock walls, here practically vertical, that
constitute the western side of Monte Alto, and of the
easternmost edge of the Adige alluvial plain.
within the stratigraphic sequence observable in the
section opened by mechanical means above the ustrinum/
mortuary place of worship, at least eight different
episodes of deposits were observed, which stratified
above the most recent anthropic layer (US 10). They
document the progressive degradation of the slope following
the abandonment of the site by man. The stratigraphic
episodes are substantially similar and almost
indistinguishable from each other. These are originally
weakly vegetated sediments, originating from the flow
of water, with the consequent transport of more or less
coarse gravelly material. Above the original sequence,
no less than two metres of modern debris linked to the
industrial activity of the quarry had been deposited. In
the context of the stratigraphic succession, the highest
anthropic level (US 10), brought to light on an area of
about 150 m2, differs from the gravelly growths above
for the less intense black color of the earth matrix, and
for the almost total absence of remains of material culture.
The characteristics and compactness of the US 10
layer, whose inclination was completely different from
the levels above and below the ustrinum, lead us to believe
that in ancient times it was briefly pedogenized.
The layer, of power between 5 and 8 cm, composed of
selected and compacted earthy and gravelly material,
seems to be the product of an intentional obliteration
of the ustrinum.
US 10 had a subplane portion that evolved on a
slope towards N, w and S. The flat portion of US 10
was therefore interpreted at the time of the excavation
as an artificial plane. A sort of podium subject to trampling,
covering US 11, a strongly carbonaceous earth
layer rich in ceramic remains, minute carbonized bone
fragments, glass beads, bronze objects and a deer antler,
which could be interpreted as the product of the activity
of a funeral pyre and of a related area of funerary worship.
Also US 11, like US 10, seems to be set on a sort of
tiny terrace of the slope. In plan US 11 has a subcircular
shape: towards S and towards w the limits of US
11 were underlined by the clear chromatic difference
compared to US 12, gravelly-loamy sediment weakly
anthropic, of light colour, covered by US 11.
within US 11, two concentrations of ceramic fragments
were excavated, powerful up to twenty cm, pertinent
to several dozen pots crushed on the ground,
called US 14 and US 18.
These concentrations were coacerviums of ceramic
fragments in almost direct contact with each other,
minutely fragmented and repeatedly trampled underfoot.
e fractures, mainly ancient, had sharp edges.
An interesting aspect, useful to define the meaning of
these clusters of ceramic fragments, consists in the fact
that in these points, unlike the rest of US 11, there were
no calcined bones, except in such a small measure as to
make the suspicion of sporadic infiltrations due to localized
phenomena of erosion of US 11 itself lawful.
is means, that in US 11 there are some areas with
ceramic thickenings combined with calcined bones and
areas where ceramic thickenings are not accompanied
by calcined bones.
In summary, the area occupied by US 11 can be defined
as an area of subcircular shape of about six meters
in diameter, cut by mechanical means in the northeastern
portion and characterized by a powerful accumulation
of ashes and coals, ceramic remains and
various artifacts probably related to funerary outfits
and ritual practices. US 11. In the Sw direction, a
large square-shaped boulder, longitudinally crossed by
a wide and deep crack, with a sub-flat top surface, delimited
the area. It is difficult to determine whether the
rock existed before the implantation of the culto-ustrinum
area, or if it had been brought deliberately. A
cultural function seems likely.
The study of pottery and non-vascular artefacts
refers to the selection of a sample of 320 objects, selected
on the basis of chronological, cultural and morphological
information that could be inferred from them.
e stratigraphic situation, which was considerably
compressed as a result of the persistence of activity on a
small area (about 150 square meters), makes it necessary
to rely exclusively on typological studies for the
analysis of the findings.
134 lUCA PISoNI, UMBERTo TECChIATI
The discovery of a small quantity of ceramic fragments,
which is compared to the recent Bronze levels of
many complexes of the Adige basin, makes it reasonable
to assume that the site of Salorno began in that same
chronological horizon. However, the complex stratigraphic
situation and the small number of findings do
not allow us to exclude the hypothesis of productions,
referable to prototypes of the recent Bronze, which continued
until phase A of the Luco culture.
The number of mugs of Salorno has been calculated
based on the count of the loops that, for morphology or
decoration, belong with certainty to different specimens.
e 48 mugs identified are theoretically the most
represented form in the site; actually, it is quite probable
that the truncated cone and the bicone forms are
significantly underestimated, given that many edges
with angled inner profile have not been attributed to
any form.
obviously, the closest correspondences were found
with the geographically closest sites (Appiano, La Groa,
Monte ozol, Seeberg, Luco), but numerous comparisons
were also found in the Venosta valley complexes
(Ganglegg, Corces, Covelano), and, to a lesser extent,
in the Engadine (Scuol-Munt Baselgia) and Upper
Rhine valley (Montlingerberg) sites.
The data of Salorno seem therefore to confirm the
hypothesis of Renato Perini, according to whom the
areas of production of the mugs were to be found in the
basin of the Adige, where groups of artisans in possession
of common techniques of workmanship acted, such
as to justify a reduced variability in the decorative syntax.
Since the excavation area was excavated according
to extremely fine grids (0.25m2) and since the finds
were collected paying the utmost attention to their original
location, it was possible to plant and quantify the
relative abundance (expressed in grams) of ceramic materials
in the various points where it thickened. This
makes it possible to evaluate the methods of deposition
as part of the complex funerary ritual.
Distribution graphs show the quantities of ceramic
shards collected in the four cuts of US 11, and are expressed
in grams. we propose that the smaller quantities
dispersed on the surface of the layer can be interpreted
as an overall effect of the destruction and dispersion of
the pots at the time of deposition/offering, while the
larger thickenings, especially highlighted in cuts I and
III, represent the primary point of deposition. If this
reading were actually close to the truth, we could see in
the different weight quantities of finds in the different
cuts what remains of deposition acts repeated over time,
probably in correspondence to single combustion events
of the deceased, or repeated posthumous commemorations
of the same.
In US 14 and US 18, on the other hand, the quantity
of finds, and their location, in accordance with a
significantly circumscribed thickening, do not change
in an appreciable way, so that it is possible to think of
a single deposition event for each US.
In conclusion, the symbolic and social character of
the ritual and cultural deposition of objects, with particular
regard to pottery, is discussed
THREE-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF PALATE MORPHOLOGY IN UNILATERAL CLEFT LIP AND PALATE CHILDREN
Full text linkAbstract
Object: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the orthopedic treatment (performed either by using active or passive plates) and the subsequent surgical treatment on the palatal size and shape of dental casts of patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP).
Material and methods: 96 palatal cast models, obtained from 32 neonatal patients with UCLP, attending the Fundacion Clinica Noel de Medellin (Colombia) were analyzed using a 3D stereophotogrammetric system in three different time points: before the orthopedic treatment, before and after cheiloplasty. Half of the patients were treated with a passive plate, while the other patients received an active plate. The areas and volumes of the greater and minor segments were obtained using a new measurement protocol. Method repeatability both within and between operators was evaluated using the Paired Student’s t-test and the technical error of measurement (TEM). Area and volume measurements were compared with a three-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) to determine differences between plates, alveolar segments and time.
Results: No systematic measurement errors were found for both inter-operator and intra-operator’s tracings (p>0.05; TEM<0.32 cm2). No differences were found for the kind of plates (active or passive). Significant differences were found in alveolar segment and time in both area and volume (p<0.01).
Conclusions: We showed that area and volume measurement by the 3D stereophotogrammetric system was a repeatable and reliable method of evaluating the stone casts of patients with UCLP. Data obtained were helpful to quantify changes occurring in maxillary arches of UCLP patients after orthopedic and surgical treatments. However, further investigation is needed to especially evaluate the effects of plates, increasing the number of additional time points and expanding the number of patients
Laser scanner compared with stereophotogrammetry for measurements of area on nasal plaster casts
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Effectiveness and safety of leflunomide in the clinical practice : a different experience
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Three-dimensional optoelectronic analysis of facial movements : effect of age and sex in healthy adults
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