1,721,023 research outputs found
Modulazione del dolore e dell’empatia per il dolore indotta da analgesia da placebo: personalità e correlati fisiologici
Full text linkL’obiettivo di questo lavoro di ricerca è stato lo studio dei sistemi biologico-motivazionali postulati nella Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (Gray 1970, 1981, 1982; Gray & MacNaughton 2000; MacNaughton & Corr 2004; Corr 2008), e dei correlati fisiologici cerebrali e cardiaci, relati ai processi sensoriali e cognitivi associati all’elaborazione e alla modulazione del dolore, di tipo fisico ed empatico, indotta da placebo. Pertanto, è stata condotta una revisione della letteratura per poi studiare sperimentalmente i fenomeni di interesse. Quindi, nel primo esperimento, è stata valutata l’influenza dei tratti di personalità di approccio ed evitamento sulla modulazione del dolore fasico e dell’empatia per il dolore, indotta da effetto placebo in relazione ai correlati fisiologici associati (potenziali evento-correlati, oscillazioni di frequenza, variabilità interbattito cardiaca), in un campione di 63 partecipanti. I risultati comportamentali hanno evidenziato che il trattamento con placebo ha prodotto una riduzione del dolore e della spiacevolezza percepiti, e dell’empatia per la spiacevolezza altrui. In riferimento allo studio dei correlati elettrocorticali, è stato osservato che il sistema fight-flight-freeze (FFFS) è un moderatore della relazione che intercorre tra i cambiamenti di ampiezza delle componenti P2 e P3 e la riduzione del dolore percepito. In particolare, queste osservazioni sono coerenti con l’idea che bassi punteggi di evitamento attivo (FFFS) predicono la riduzione del dolore indotta dal placebo. Invece, in relazione allo studio delle oscillazioni di frequenza, EEG e cardiaca, evocate dagli stimoli di dolore e di empatia per il dolore durante i trattamenti placebo e controllo, è stato dimostrato che il rallentamento della frequenza cardiaca insieme alla diminuzione della potenza della banda θ mediana (4-8 Hz) ha influenzato sia direttamente la riduzione del dolore percepito che indirettamente, attraverso la mediazione del FFFS, e del sistema di inibizione comportamentale. In particolare, nella condizione di empatia per il dolore, è stata osservata un’influenza sia diretta tra la riduzione di potenza per la banda β2 (22-30 Hz) e l’empatia per il dolore altrui, che indiretta, attraverso la mediazione positiva del tratto Total Empathy Ability. In linea con questi risultati, suggeriamo che la modulazione del dolore fasico rispetto al dolore di tipo empatico si basa su processi fisiologici funzionalmente diversi che coinvolgono tratti di personalità differenti.
Infine, nel secondo esperimento abbiamo approfondito lo studio della risposta di empatia per il dolore e la relativa modulazione degli ERP, in un campione di 60 partecipanti. Questo per capire se la risposta empatica sia meglio concettualizzabile in termini di processi cognitivi o come un tratto di personalità. I nostri risultati sostengono la tesi secondo cui durante il processo di identificazione della valenza emotiva di uno stimolo, il contenuto emotivo è in grado di modulare fin dalle prime fasi di elaborazione dello stimolo il riorientamento dell’attenzione e il successivo processo di aggiornamento in memoria associato alla modulazione della risposta empatica (Delplanque, Silvert, Hot, Rigoulot & Sequeira, 2006). A questo proposito, siamo d’accordo con la proposta alternativa di Coll e colleghi (2017), che definisce la risposta empatica in termini di differenze individuali nell’identificazione delle emozioni e nel grado in cui il riconoscimento dello stato emotivo e l’attivazione del proprio sistema provocano una condivisione affettiva nel Sé.The aim of this Ph.D. was the study of biological-motivational systems postulated in the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory (Gray 1970, 1981, 1982; Gray & MacNaughton 2000; MacNaughton & Corr 2004; Corr 2008) and the physiological cerebral and cardiac correlates, related to the sensory and cognitive processes associated with the modulation of phasic and empathic pain, induced by placebo. Therefore, a literature review was conducted to theoretically study the phenomena of interest that later were investigated experimentally. In the first experiment, we have evaluated the modulation of phasic pain and empathy for pain induced by placebo analgesia to test whether this can reduce both the empathy for pain and the perceived pain by studying the physiological correlates (Evoked Related Potentials components, EEG band power oscillations, and Heart Rate Variability), in a sample of 63 participants. The behavioral results showed that the placebo treatment reduced perceived pain and unpleasantness and empathy unpleasantness. Concerning the study of the ERPs, the results highlighted a moderator effect of the fight-flight-freeze system (FFFS) in the relationships linking P2 and P3 amplitude changes with pain reduction were both significant among low to moderate FFFS values. These observations are consistent with the idea that lower active avoidance (FFFS) scores predict placebo-induced pain reduction.
Further, regarding the study of the EEG oscillations and the HRV changes evoked by pain and empathy pain modulation induced by placebo, we found that relative HR-slowing together with decreased midline θ-band (4-8 Hz) power directly influenced self-pain reduction and, indirectly, through a mediating effect of the Behavioral Inhibition System and Fight-Flight-Freezing System. In the empathy pain condition, we detected a direct influence of the midline β2-band (22-30 Hz) power reduction on the other-pain decline with a positive mediating role of Total Empathic Ability. In line with these findings, we suggest that the placebo analgesia modulation of first-hand versus other pain relies on different physiological processes involving different personality traits.
In this regard, we agree with the alternative proposal by Coll and colleagues (2017), which defines the empathic response in terms of individual differences in two cognitive processes, the identification of emotions, and affective sharing, related to the recognition of the emotional state of the other, in the Self
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
L'altra Europa. Le politiche della CISL e della UIL nei confronti del processo di integrazione europea negli anni Settanta
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