1,721,752 research outputs found
Recommended from our members
Small isn't beautiful: the cost disadvantages of small remote economies
No full textSmall remote economies like Anguilla and Vanuatu face huge competitive challenges, not least the higher costs of doing business. L Alan Winters and Pedro Martins measure the size of their cost disadvantages and explore potential solutions
Market access advances and retreats : the Uruguay Round and beyond
Full text linkIn the Uruguay Round negotiations, trade distorting agricultural policies were taken up substantively for the first time in any round of multi-lateral trade negotiations. Voluntary export restraints outside the Multifibre Arrangement (MFA) were in fact eliminated. Developing countries became equal partners with developed countries. Their tariff cuts covered as large a share of imports as those of the developed countries and were deeper. Because developing country tariffs were higher to start with, their cuts will save importers more (perdollar of imports covered) than will cuts by developed countries. Tariff bindings for most developing countries, although often above applied rates, were extended to 90 percent or more of imports. Few countries agreed to give foreigners unlimited market access in services, or full national treatment in more than a few service activities. But developed countries agreed to some liberalization of cross-border provision for 70 percent of service activities (compared with 25 percent in developing countries). Less positively, although trade restrictions on agricultural products were converted to tariffs, border protection was reduced less on agricultural than on industrial products, and there was little agreement on reducing trade-affecting subsidies. The textiles and clothing agreement binds developed countries to eliminate all MFA-sanctioned restriction but allows them to largely put off doing so until 2005. Concessions to which developing countries agreed are due now. Reciprocal concessions of particular interest are due in the future (elimination of the MFA) or yet to be negotiated (liberalization of agricultural trade). Also disquieting, since the Uruguay Round, developing countries have undertaken anti-dumping cases at a rate (per dollar of imports) three times higher than that for the United States--mostly against other developing countries.Economic Theory&Research,Rules of Origin,Export Competitiveness,Environmental Economics&Policies,Globalization and Financial Integration,TF054105-DONOR FUNDED OPERATION ADMINISTRATION FEE INCOME AND EXPENSE ACCOUNT,Environmental Economics&Policies,Rules of Origin,Export Competitiveness,World Trade Organization
Recommended from our members
European Integration: Trade and Industry
No full textMuch research has been devoted to the consequences of the completion of the European internal market in 1992. Existing estimates of the effects of market integration remain exploratory, however, and many important issues have yet to be adequately addressed. These are the issues concerning this book. Edited by L. Alan Winters and Anthony Venables, the volume examines such questions as the extent of gains to be expected from both 'internal' and 'external' economies of scale following integration, the implications of 1992 for the European Community's trade with its traditional EFTA partners, the potentially valuable new East European markets, and the rest of the world. There are also chapters considering the implications of the internal market for the design of appropriate technology and taxation policies, and a study of the role of Japanese foreign direct investment in European manufacturing
Accession of CIS countries to the World Trade Organisation
Full text linkThis paper discusses the benefits as well as the adjustment problems resulting from the proposed accession of the member countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) to the World Trade Organisation (WTO). In the area of trade-related policies, the CIS countries will have to make strategic decisions on policy objectives that have so far been avoided. Necessary adjustments to specific policy instruments will be limited and mostly technical in nature. Similarly, current plans for regional integration among CIS countries are fundamentally in compliance with WTO rules. However, negotiating strategies should be carefully coordinated among CIS countries that are in a de facto, though not necessarily a de jure customs union. Systemic transformation, especially the imposition and further strengthening of financial discipline on formerly socialist enterprises through privatization and elimination of subsidies, will need to be carried forward vigorously. Benefits of WTO accession include the consolidation of recent improvements in market access and, above all else, greater credibility for market-oriented reform policies through the international commitments to be entered into by CIS governments with respect to future trade-related policies.
Essays on ACP-EU Trade Relations with Application on Trade in Value added and the Post-Brexit Scenario
Full text linkThis thesis consists of three essays. They are all related and investigate trade (at aggregate and value-added level) relations between African, Caribbean, and Pacific (ACP), and the European Union (EU) with a focus on the post-Brexit scenario. The first goal of the analysis is to understand how all preference arrangements (Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs), Free Trade Agreement (FTAs), and Generalized Scheme of Preferences (GSPs)) have affected the ACP-EU trade (at aggregate level) relationships. This ex-post assessment will be used to make predictions about the post-Brexit scenario. Then the thesis investigates in depth the notion of trade in value-added, this thesis analyzes the trade in value-added (TiVA) providing an overview of the participation of these regions in international network production. Finally, this thesis investigates further how non-tariff measures (NTMs) affect ACP’s agriculture and food sectors’ participation in backward and forward Global Value Chains (GVC)
Is the Medical Brain Drain Beneficial? Evidence from Overseas Doctors in the UK
Full text linkThe ¿beneficial brain drain¿ hypothesis suggests that skilled migration can be good for a sending countrybecause the incentives it creates for training increase that country¿s supply of skilled labour. To work, thishypothesis requires that the degree of screening of migrants by the host country is limited and that thepossibility of migration actually encourages home country residents to obtain education. We studied theimplications of doctors¿ migration by conducting a survey among overseas doctors in the UK. The resultssuggest that the overseas doctors who come to the UK are carefully screened and that only a minority of doctorsfrom developing countries considered the possibility of migration when they chose to obtain medical education.The incentive effect is thus probably not large enough to increase the skills-supply in developing countries.Doctors do, however, remit income to their home countries and many intend to return after completing theirtraining in the UK, so there could be benefits via these routes.brain drain, international labour market, professional labour markets, doctors, physicians,international migration
Reforming the world trading system : legitimacy, efficiency and democratic governance
No full textWTO negotiators and academics analyse the Doha Development Round of the WTO : overview and summary of the book / Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann -- 1: The Doha Development agenda : political challenges to the world trading system : a cosmopolitan perspective / Peter Sutherland -- A development perspective on the WTO July 2004 General Council decision / Faizel Ismail -- Cordell Hull, the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act, and the WTO / Kenneth W. Dam -- How to forge a compromise in the agriculture negotiations / Stefan Tangermann -- The agriculture negotiations : the road from Doha and how to keep the negotiations on a positive track / Stuart Harbinson -- Strategic use of WTO dispute settlement proceedings for advancing WTO negotiations on agriculture / Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann -- Developing country proposals for the liberalization of movements of natural service suppliers / L. Alan Winters -- Navigating between the poles : unpacking the debate on the implications for development of GATS obligations relating to health and education services / J. Anthony VanDuzer -- Negotiations on domestic regulation and trade in services (GATS Article VI) : a legal analysis of selected current issues / Joel P. Trachtman -- Operationalizing the concept of policy space in the WTO : beyond special and differential treatment / Bernard Hoekman -- Can WTO technical assistance and capacity-building serve developing countries? / Gregory Shaffer -- Come together? : producer welfare, consumer welfare, and WTO rules / Petros C. Mavroidis -- Non-discrimination, welfare balances, and WTO rules : an historical perspective / Patrick A. Messerlin -- Is there a need for additional WTO competition rules promoting non-discriminatory competition laws and competition institutions in WTO members? / Francois Souty -- Are the competition rules in the WTO agreement on trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights adequate? / Frederick M. Abbott -- Investment and the Doha development agenda / Bijit Bora, Edward M. Graham -- The 'human rights approach' advocated by the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights and by the International Labour Organization : is it relevant for WTO law and policy? / Ernst-Ulrich Petersmann -- Parliamentary oversight of WTO rule-making : the political, normative, and practical contexts / Gregory Shaffer -- How can parliamentary participation in WTO rule-making and democratic control be made more effective in the WTO? : a United States Congressional perspective / David E. Skaggs -- How can parliamentary participation in WTO rule-making and democratic control be made more effective? : the European context / Meinhard Hilf -- A parliamentary dimension to the WTO : more than just a vision? / Erika Mann -- A few thoughts on legitimacy, democracy, and the WTO / James Bacchus -- The WTO and cosmopolitics / Steve Charnovitz -- Transparency, public debate, and participation by NGOs in the WTO : a WTO perspective / Julio A. Lacarte -- Improving the capacity of WTO institutions to fulfil their mandate / Richard Blackhurst, David Hartridge -- Chairing a WTO negotiation / John S. Odell -- Are WTO decision-making procedures adequate for making, revising, and implementing worldwide and 'plurilateral' rules? / Claus-Dieter Ehlermann, Lothar Ehring -- Is there a need for restructuring the collaboration among the WTO and UN agencies so as to harness their complementarities? / Gary P. Sampson -- Can the WTO dispute settlement system deal with competition disputes? / Claus-Dieter Ehlermann, Lothar Ehrin
A fast, easy, and efficient estimator for the trade flux between heterogeneous economies
Full text linkCompared to time-series or cross-section analyses, panel data allow us to control for individual specific characteristics - possibly unobservable - which may be correlated with certain explanatory variables in the specification of an economic relationship. Not controlling for unobservables leads to obtaining biased results. After controlling for such unobservable characteristics, we calculate efficient estimates of a trade flux equation between heterogeneous economies.international trade; POLS estimators; individual heterogeneity; fixed effects; random effects
Product and country substitution in imports : an empirical comparison of theoretical concepts.
Full text linkImportsubstitution; Theorie; Frankreich;
- …
