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Molecular mechanisms of phage infection
No full textMolecular studies of the process of phage infection have laid the basis for much of our understanding of biology, from the mechanisms of DNA replication and transcription to the assembly of complex structures. This chapter provides a general overview and variety of examples of some of the principles involved in phage-host interactions at the molecular level. More detailed information about various specific phages and steps involved in these processes can be found in The Bacteriophages (Calendar 2005; 1988), the Encyclopedia of Virology (Granoff and Webster 1999) and Molecular Biology of Bacteriophage T4 (Karam, et al. 1994) as well as other books about individual phages and the exploding original literature and review articles in the field (Miller, et al. 2003b). Some areas, such as host recognition and the infection process, are explored in particular depth because of the paucity of reviews.Fil: Kutter, Elizabeth. The Evergreen State College; Estados UnidosFil: Raya, Raul Ricardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos; ArgentinaFil: Carlson, Karin. Uppsala Universitet; Sueci
Basic phage biology
No full textAs discussed throughout this book, bacteriophages are viruses that only infect bacteria. They are like complex space ships (Fig. 1), each carrying its genome from one susceptible bacterial cell to another in which it can direct the production of more phages. Each phage particle (virion) contains its nucleic acid genome (DNA or RNA) enclosed in a protein or lipoprotein coat or capsid; the combined nucleic acid and capsid form the nucleocapsid. The target host for each phage is a specific group of bacteria. This group is often some subset of one species,1 but sometimes several related species can be infected by the same phage. Phages, like all viruses, are absolute parasites. While they carry all the information to direct their own reproduction in an appropriate host, they have no machinery for generating energy and no ribosomes for making proteins. They are the most abundant living entities on earth, found in very large numbers wherever their hosts live—in sewage and feces, in the soil, in deep thermal vents, and in natural bodies of water, as discussed in chapter 5. Their high level of specificity, long-term survivability, and ability to reproduce rapidly in appropriate hosts contribute to their maintaining a dynamic balance among the wide variety of bacterial species in any natural ecosystem. When no appropriate hosts are present, many phages can maintain their ability to infect for decades, unless damaged by external agents. Some phages have only a few thousand bases in their genome, while phage G, the largest sequenced to date, has 480,000 base pairs—as much as an average bacterium, though still lacking the genes for such essential bacterial machinery as ribosomes. Over 95% of the phages described in the literature to date belong to the Caudovirales (tailed phages; see chapter 4). Their virions are approximately half doublestranded DNA and half protein by mass, with icosahedral heads assembled from many copies of a specific protein or two; generally the corners are made up of pentamers of a protein, and the rest of each side is made up of hexamers of the same or a similar protein. The three main families are defined by their very distinct tail morphologies: 60% of the characterized phages are Siphoviridae, with long, flexible tails; 25% are Myoviridae, with double-layered, contractile tails; and 15% are Podoviridae, with short, stubby, tails. The latter may have some key infection proteins enclosed inside the head that can form a sort of extensible tail upon contact with the host, as shown most clearly for coliphage T7 (Molineux 2001). Archaea have their own set of infecting viruses, often called “archaephages.” Many of these have unusual, often pleiomorphic shapes that are unique to the Archaea, as discussed in chapter 4. However, many viruses identified to date for the Crenarchaeota kingdom of Archaea look like typical tailed bacteriophages (Prangishvili 2003); some of these are discussed in section 8.Fil: Guttman, Burton. The Evergreen State College; Estados UnidosFil: Raya, Raul Ricardo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos; Argentina. The Evergreen State College; Estados UnidosFil: Kutter, Elizabeth. The Evergreen State College; Estados Unido
Der Advent der Armen : Predigt gehalten im Neumünster zu Zürich
No full textvon Hermann Kutter, Pfarre
The Comparative Analysis of Digital Steganographical Methods LSB and Kutter = Ciparu steganogrāfisko metožu LSB un Kutter salīdzinošā analīze
No full textRakstā tika apskatītas galvenās koncepcijas un attīstības perspektīvas steganogrāfijai kā konfidenciālas informācijas aizsardzības metodei. Ir dota klasifikācija tās galvenajām lietošanas sfērām un atzīmētas problēmas, kas šai zinātnei ir jāatrisina. Tika veikta datu slēptās pārraides datoru modelēšana attēlos, pielietojot mūsdienās izplatītākās tehnoloģijas: vizuālās informācijas redundances izmantošanu un ūdenszīmes. Balstoties uz rastru grafikas 24-bitu formāta BMP attēlu pārraides rezultātiem, ir raksturotas LSB un Kutter stegometožu īpašības. Darba gaitā tika iegūtas informācijas slēpšanas fakta konstatēšanas varbūtību līknes dažiem attēlu tipiem pēc veiktās rezultātu analīzes un stegosistēmu vērtējumiem, skatoties uz to efektivitāti. Viens no darba rezultātiem – jau eksistējošās Kutter metodes uzlabošana. Ir izstrādāts jaunais Kutter metodes nepieciešamo parametru (spilgtuma koeficientu un redundances) noteikšanas algoritms, kurš palīdz sasniegt pārraidītā simbola prasīto ticamību. Rakstā tika piedāvāts korektās bita izvilkšanas varbūtības palielināšanas veids Kutter metodei, uzlabojot pikseļa sākumvērtības pareģošanu. Ir vērtēta steganogrāfisko metožu stabilitāte pret stego-media konvertācijām citos formātos. Pēc veiktā darba rezultātiem ir sniegtas rekomendācijas par pētāmo metožu izmantošanu projektos
The crystal structures of pyruvate decarboxylase from Kluyveromyces lactis in the absence of ligands and in the presence of the substrate surrogate pyruvamide
No full textThese structures illustrate two additional crystal structures of Pyruvate decarboxylase from Kluyveromyces lactis which we have not used our previous publications:
Kutter et al. (2006) FEBS J. 273, 4199-4209, doi: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05415.x
Kutter et al. (2009) J. Biol. Chem. 284, 12136-12144, doi: 10.1074/jbc.M806228200
König, Spinka & Kutter (2009) J. Mol. Catal. B: Enzym. 61, 100-110, doi: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2009.02.010
Kutter (2009), PhD thesis, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, doi: 10.5281/zenodo.1314666, urn: urn:nbn:de:gbv:3:4-141
The coordinates and structure factors have been deposited at rcsb.org (KlPDC without ligands, pdb: 6EFG; KlPDC with pyruvamide, pdb: 6EFH)
Das Spiel von den alten und jungen Eidgenossen, hsg. von Christ-Kutter (Friederike) Frühe Schweizerspiele, hsg. von Christ-Kutter (Friederike)
No full textBrett-Evans David. Das Spiel von den alten und jungen Eidgenossen, hsg. von Christ-Kutter (Friederike) Frühe Schweizerspiele, hsg. von Christ-Kutter (Friederike). In: Revue belge de philologie et d'histoire, tome 43, fasc. 2, 1965. Histoire (depuis la fin de l'Antiquité) — Geschiedenis (sedert de Oudheid) pp. 641-643
geboren am 2. Januar 1878, gestorben am 3. September 1943
No full textInhalt: Kurzer Lebensabriss unseres lieben Bruders Jacques Hürlimann ; Abdankungspredigt zur Bestattung von Herrn Johann Jakob Hürlimann, Kaufmann, zum «Grünen Hof», Basel, von Herrn Pfarrer Hermann Kutter
Die Einführung des Katasters im deutschen Teile des Kantons Bern, eine national-ökonomische Tagesfrage
No full textvon W.R. Kutter ; herausgegeben vom Verein bernischer Ingenieure und Geomete
Karte des Cantons Bern
No full textnach den eidg. Aufnahmen bearbeitet & herausgegeben durch W. R. Kutter Ingr. ; Terrainzeichnung von Rud. Leuzinge
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