3 research outputs found
Penguraian Sampah Organik di Bank Sampah Dharma Bakti melalui Budidaya Maggot Black Soldier Fly: Decomposing Organic Waste at the Dharma Bakti Waste Bank through Cultivating Black Soldier Fly Maggots
No full textThe Dharma Bakti Waste Bank in RT. 55, Muara Rapak Subdistrict, is one of the waste banks that remains active in managing community waste. However, the utilization of organic waste is still limited to compost production, while alternative management methods, such as Black Soldier Fly (BSF) maggot cultivation, have not been optimized. This community service program aims to enhance the utilization of organic waste through BSF maggot cultivation as an alternative feed for livestock, particularly catfish, which are already being farmed by residents. The method used in this program began with an awareness session on the benefits of maggot cultivation, followed by the construction of BSF fly cages, as well as hands-on training and practice on cultivation techniques for residents. The evaluation was conducted by measuring the increase in residents’ understanding before and after the training, along with a community satisfaction survey regarding the activities carried out. The results indicate a 17.98% increase in residents' understanding of BSF maggot cultivation, reflecting the effectiveness of the education and training provided. Additionally, the community satisfaction survey showed that 90% of residents were very satisfied, while the remaining 10% were satisfied. This initiative concludes that, in addition to providing valuable learning experiences for residents, it also empowers them in maggot cultivation through education and training, enabling better optimization of organic waste processing into economically valuable resources
Granulator Performance for Urea Granule Quality: A Study on Material Balance and Recycle Seed Ratio
Get PDFGranulation is a critical process in quality of urea fertilizer, particularly their size distribution, significantly affects the product's performance and marketability. Urea synthesis begins with the reaction between ammonia and carbon dioxide, where ammonium carbamate is decomposed to produce urea by granulation process. This research aims evaluate the performance of granulator on urea granule size product quality based on material balance and recycle seed ratio (RSR). The granulator performance in the urea granulation process was evaluated for a production capacity of 3,500 tons/day. The methodology involves data collection from operational records in six days respectively, followed by mass balance analysis and product quality evaluation based on particle size distribution. The analysis revealed a significant deviation between design and actual data. Specifically, the design mass balance indicated a total inlet of 236,726 kg/h and a total outlet of 230,575 kg/h, resulting in a mass deficit of 6,151 kg/h attributed to dust formation and water evaporation. The measured on-size product yield was approximately 98.50% at the outlet, with the desired particle size range of 2–4.75 mm. These findings provide critical insights for process optimization and resource management in urea granulation, emphasizing the need for precise operational control to minimize material losses and ensure product quality compliance with specifications
Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific burden of diarrhoeal diseases, their risk factors, and aetiologies, 1990–2021, for 204 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
No full textBackground: Diarrhoeal diseases claim more than 1 million lives annually and are a leading cause of death in children younger than 5 years. Comprehensive global estimates of the diarrhoeal disease burden for specific age groups of children younger than 5 years are scarce, and the burden in children older than 5 years and in adults is also understudied. We used results from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 to assess the burden of, and trends in, diarrhoeal diseases overall and attributable to 13 pathogens, as well as the contributions of associated risk factors, in children and adults in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2021. Methods: We used the Cause of Death Ensemble modelling strategy to analyse vital registration data, verbal autopsy data, mortality surveillance data, and minimally invasive tissue sampling data. We used DisMod-MR (version 2.1), a Bayesian meta-regression tool, to analyse incidence and prevalence data identified via systematic reviews, population-based surveys, and claims and inpatient data. We calculated diarrhoeal disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) as the sum of years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs) for each location, year, and age–sex group. For aetiology estimation, we used a counterfactual approach to quantify population-attributable fractions (PAFs). Additionally, we estimated the diarrhoeal disease burden attributable to the independent effects of risk factors using the comparative risk assessment framework. Findings: In 2021, diarrhoeal diseases caused an estimated 1·17 million (95% uncertainty interval 0·793–1·62) deaths globally, representing a 60·3% (50·6–69·0) decrease since 1990 (2·93 million [2·31–3·73] deaths). The most pronounced decline was in children younger than 5 years, with a 79·2% (72·4–84·6) decrease in diarrhoeal deaths. Global YLLs also decreased substantially, from 186 million (147–221) in 1990 to 51·4 million (39·9–65·9) in 2021. In 2021, an estimated 59·0 million (47·2–73·2) DALYs were attributable to diarrhoeal diseases globally, with 30·9 million (23·1–42·0) of these affecting children younger than 5 years. Leading risk factors for diarrhoeal DALYs included low birthweight and short gestation in the neonatal age groups, child growth failure in children aged between 1–5 months and 2–4 years, and unsafe water and poor sanitation in older children and adults. We estimated that the removal of all evaluated diarrhoeal risk factors would reduce global DALYs from 59·0 million (47·2–73·2) to 4·99 million (1·99–10·0) among all ages combined. Globally in 2021, rotavirus was the predominant cause of diarrhoeal deaths across all ages, with a PAF of 15·2% (11·4–20·1), followed by norovirus at 10·6% (2·3–17·0) and Cryptosporidium spp at 10·2% (7·03–14·3). In children younger than 5 years, the fatal PAF of rotavirus was 35·2% (28·7–43·0), followed by Shigella spp at 24·0% (15·2–37·9) and adenovirus at 23·8% (14·8–36·3). Other pathogens with a fatal PAF greater than 10% in children younger than 5 years included Cryptosporidium spp, typical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, and enterotoxigenic E coli producing heat-stable toxin. Interpretation: The substantial decline in the global burden of diarrhoeal diseases since 1990, particularly in children younger than 5 years, supports the effectiveness of health interventions such as oral rehydration therapy, enhanced water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) infrastructure, and the introduction and scale-up of rotavirus vaccination. Targeted interventions and preventive measures against key risk factors and pathogens could further reduce this burden. Continued investment in the development and distribution of vaccines for leading pathogens remains crucial. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. © 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. **Please note that there are multiple authors for this article therefore only the name of the first 30 including Federation University Australia affiliates “Sheikh Alif, Biswajit Banik and Muhammad Aziz Rahman" are provided in this record** Alif, Sheikh Banik, Biswajit Rahman, Muhammad Azi
