1,720,955 research outputs found
Elements of Risk in the Polish System of Old-Age Pension Provision
No full textW artykule omówiono warunki, założenia i cele reformy systemu emerytalnego wprowadzonej w 2001 r. w Polsce. Zwrócono uwagę na podstawowy aspekt koniecznych zmian: tendencje demograficzne polegające na wydłużaniu się życia ludzi i zmniejszaniu liczby urodzeń, co wpływa na achwianie proporcji między pracującymi (czyli wpłacającymi stosowne środki do systemu) i niepracującymi (korzystającymi z wypracowanych środków). Konsekwencją utrzymującego się zachwiania będzie załamanie systemu emerytalnego i brak środków na wypłaty lub znaczące obniżenie ich
wielkości. W artykule omówiono również doświadczenia kilkunastu lat istnienia zreformowanego systemu emerytalnego i wskazano możliwe scenariusze rozwoju. Omówiono efekty i problemy przej-ścia od systemu repartycyjnego do trójfilarowego. Poruszono także zagadnienie ryzyka dla finansów publicznych związanego z przeniesieniem części bieżących składek z ZUS do OFE oraz z funkcjonowaniem dwóch systemów emerytalnych równocześnie. Podjęto próbę określenia wpływu OFE na wysokość przyszłych emerytur, nakreślono perspektywy społecznego systemu ubezpieczeń emerytalnych oraz ryzyko z tym związane.In his article, the author discussed the conditions, assumptions and objectives of the reform of the old-age pension system introduced in 2001 in Poland. He paid attention to the basic aspect of necessary changes: demographic trends consisting in extension of the lifespan of people and
reduction of the number of births what affects upsetting the proportion between working (i.e. paying relevant contributions to the system) and non-working (using the funds worked out) people. A consequence of the persisting disturbance will be a collapse of the old-age pension system and lack of money for payments or a considerable reduction of their value. In the article, the author also discussed the experience of more than ten years of existence of the reformed old-age pension system and indicated the possible scenarios of development. He discussed the effects and problems of the shift of the pay-as-you-go system to the three-pillar one. He also touched the issue of the risk for public finance related to the transfer of part of the current contributions from the Social Insurance Institution (ZUS) to the Open Pension Fund (OFE) as well as to functioning of the two old-age pension system concurrently. He undertook an attempt to determine the impact of OFE on the amount of future pensions, outlined the perspectives of the social system of old-age pension insurance and the risk related thereto
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Consequences of Some Employment-Related Policies for National Wealth of a Transition Economy
Get PDFNational wealth, understood as a sum of natural capital, produced assets and human resources, plays a growing role in the globalized economy. Wealth at the disposal of the country’s subjects is an important condition for the long-term growth and development of individual countries. In the processes of globalization, the main actors be it multinational corporations or individual countries, are seeking control over those resources to get foothold in the new international division of labour. National wealth is also important for consumption. The feeling of being rich stimulates consumption, spending without bothering about the future. Loss of wealth has the opposite consequences in the longer perspective.Transition processes in Central and Eastern Europe brought about important transfers of wealth among different countries. Improved consumption levels thanks to, among others, unemployment and foreign debt are just some of the consequences of transition. The paper investigates the effects of transition processes on national wealth and speculates about long-term sustainability of the present Polish human resources-related policies
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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