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The Moral Philosophy of George Santayana
No full textThis is a study of George Santayana’ ethical theory. Santayana never wrote any systematic treatise on moral philosophy, though he claims that it is his chosen subject. In this paper I try to piece together his scattered reflections and remarks on ethical problems, and to present them in a cogent and systematic form. The paper is divided into four sections. Section one clarifies Santayana’s view of the nature and scope of ethics. Section two explains Santayana’s ethical naturalism and relativism, and recapitulates his arguments against the view that good is absolute and unconditioned. Section three deals with Santayana’s theory of reason in morality, of which self-knowledge and harmony are the two essential elements. Section four includes some critical observations. Both Santayana’s particular type of ethical relativism and his theory of rational ethics are important contributions to the field. Yet his moral philosophy contains an equivocation and confusion between ‘is’ and ‘ought’, and he fails to provide a satisfactory account of moral obligation
孟德斯鳩的社會哲學
No full text孟德斯鴆對政治哲學的貢獻為眾所周知，但他是否可稱為社會學理論的建立者則較多爭議。本文將孟德斯鴆著作中的社會學成分與見解重新疏理評估，內分四節。第一節考察孟德斯鴆的方法論，指出他能兼顧理論系統性的要求和對經驗事實的雜多與歧異性之關注，在兩者之間維持適度平衡。第二節指出他的三種政體之分類預設社會各部門及其內部各因素間彼此相互作用，密切關聯，形成一整體，已具有社會結構的概念。第三節處理他所說影響群體生活與制度的各種自然原因和社會原因。孟德斯鴆的目的在對人類歷史上所有社會制度作一全面的省察和說明，他所進行的是一個宏大的計畫，但結果並不十分成功。第四節討論孟德斯鴆著作中事實探究與價值判斷兩種因素之衝突，並指出他的最高目的在維護社會體制的穩定和持續，因此不具有社會進步的概念
John Dewey's Empirical Naturalism
No full textThis paper is an attempt to expound and clarify the main points of Dewey’s naturalistic metaphysics. Section one deals with Dewey’s definition of metaphysics as a study of the generic traits of existence and takes issue with Hook's and Rorty’s negative view concerning Dewey’s enterprise. Section two deals with Dewey’s empirical method, in which such key concepts as “primary experience” and “selective emphasis” are examined. Section three deals with Dewey’s substantive metaphysical theories, using his treatment of the mind-body problem as a typical example. Section four deals with four generic traits of nature found or implied in Dewey’s metaphysical works: change, quality, interaction and continuity. Section five defends Dewey’s position against some criticisms raised by Santayana, Cohen and others, while at the same time points out that Dewey’s concept of “primary experience” is ambiguous and that his purely functional approach to natural existences is one-sided
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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