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Physicochemical properties of whole-bean soymilk and the effect of simulated gastrointestinal digestion on its antioxidant activity
No full text豆漿由大豆加工製成，是亞洲地區，如中國、日本、韓國及台灣的傳統飲料之一。豆漿之傳統過濾製程中會產生大量不溶性的副產物豆渣，豆渣富含蛋白質、脂質、膳食纖維與部分異黃酮，儘管豆渣可作為動物飼料，但大部分仍被視為廢棄物而造成清理上的問題，另外，介質研磨已證實可有效降低纖維素與澱粉之粒徑至奈米/次微米等級。為減少豆渣之生成與提高原料大豆之利用率，本研究中利用介質研磨與高速細碎兩種方式製作全豆豆漿，並與傳統過濾方法製成的豆漿做物理化學性質、模擬腸胃道消化處理與抗氧化活性的比較。
利用介質研磨技術於全豆豆漿的製作時不需去除豆渣，產品富含膳食纖維(2.43 g/100 g soymilk) (過濾：0.48 g/100 g soymilk；細碎：2.26 g/100 g soymilk)，且其固形物回收率(98.40 ± 0.46%)、黏度(160.59 ± 4.26 cp)與穩定性皆顯著高於過濾豆漿(分別為75.67 ± 0.74%, 4.22 ± 0.02 cp)，而有相似的粒徑分佈、pH值、粒子型態及外觀。比起同為全豆豆漿之細碎樣品(體積平均粒徑(DV) 348 ± 227 μm，粒數平均粒徑(DN) 2.84 ± 1.79 μm)，介質研磨處理有效降低粒徑(DV 26.6 ± 14.6 μm, DN 0.099 ± 0.095 μm)、提高豆漿穩定性且不會有沉澱現象發生。此外，介質研磨豆漿的總多酚(34.21 ± 2.55 mg GAE/100 g soymilk)與異黃酮(47.35 ± 0.33 mg/100 g soymilk)含量亦顯著高於過濾(28.21 ± 0.40 mg GAE/100 g soymilk, 31.25 ± 0.07 mg/100 g soymilk)及細碎(28.54 ± 2.62 mg GAE/100 g soymilk, 42.51 ± 1.05 mg/100 g soymilk)豆漿，並促使部份配糖體異黃酮轉變為生物活性較高的去糖體異黃酮。介質研磨豆漿的化學性抗氧化活性(DPPH自由基清除能力、ABTS自由基清除能力與氧自由基吸收能力)也顯著高於過濾與細碎豆漿。另外，過濾豆漿的品評分數顯著高於介質研磨豆漿，適當地稀釋有助於提昇介質研磨豆漿的品評分數。豆漿經過模擬腸胃道消化處理，雖然降低總異黃酮，卻顯著提昇總多酚、去糖體異黃酮含量與化學性抗氧化活性(ABTS自由基清除能力與氧自由基吸收能力)，其中介質研磨豆漿之模擬腸胃道消化液的總多酚、異黃酮含量、化學性與細胞抗氧化活性均優於過濾及細碎豆漿。因此，介質研磨豆漿較佳之物理化學性質與模擬腸胃道消化後功能性成份與抗氧化能力的提昇，可將其視為具有生物功能性之飲品。Soymilk, made from soybean (Glycine max), is a traditional beverage in Asian countries such as China, Japan, Korea and Taiwan. In traditional soymilk processing, okara (soy pulp), rich in protein, oil, especially, in dietary fiber and some isoflavone, is filtered and hugely generated. Though part of okara is used as animal feed, it is mostly considered as waste and has caused lots of disposal problems. On the other hand, it had been proved that media mill can effectively reduce particle size of cellulose and starch to nano/submicron scale. In order to reduce the amount of okara as well as increase utilization of soybean, in this study, we performed media milling and high speed blending for whole-bean soymilk production, which were compared with soymilk produced by filtered process.
By utilizing media milling, it did not have to remove okara from soymilk, and lead to a product with higher dietary fiber content (2.43 g/100 g soymilk) compared to those of filtering (0.48 g/100 g soymilk) and blending (2.26 g/100 g soymilk). Media-milled soymilk had similar particle size distribution, pH, morphology, appearance but significantly higher solid recovery (98.40 ± 0.46%), viscosity (160.59 ± 4.26 cp), stability than those of filtered one (75.67 ± 0.74%, 4.22 ± 0.02 cp, respectively) with the same amount of raw material consumed. In contrast with mean particle size of blended soymilk (volume-mean diameter (DV) 348 ± 227 μm, number-mean diameter (DN) 2.84 ± 1.79 μm), that of media-milled one (DV 26.6 ± 14.6 μm, DN 0.099 ± 0.095 μm) decreased significantly. Besides, total polyphenol (34.21 ± 2.55 mg GAE/100 g soymilk) and isoflavones (47.35 ± 0.33 mg/100 g soymilk) of media-milled soymilk were significantly higher than those of filtered (28.21 ± 0.40 mg GAE/100 g soymilk, 31.25 ± 0.07 mg/100 g soymilk) and blended (28.54 ± 2.62 mg GAE/100 g soymilk, 42.51 ± 1.05 g/100 mg soymilk) ones. What’s more, media milling might induce the transformation of isoflavones from conjugated glucoside to bioactive aglycone. By using DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activity and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, the antioxidant activities of media-milled soymilk were better than those of filtered and blended ones. As to the sensory evaluation, the hedonic scores of filtered soymilk were significantly higher than that of media-milled one. The hedonic scores of media-milled soymilk can be elevated by appropriate dilution. After conducting the simulated gastrointestinal digestion, though total isoflavones content of soymilk decreaed, total polyphenol, isoflavone aglycone and chemical antioxidant activities (ABTS radical scavenging activity and ORAC) significantly increased. Additionally, media-milled soymilk gastrointestinal digesta possessed significantly higher total polyphenol, isoflavones content, chemical and cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) related to filtered and blended ones. It revealed that media-milled soymilk owned not only prior physicochemical properties but also higher contents of bioactive compounds and better antioxidant activity after simulated gastrointestinal digestion, therefore, can be ingested as bio-functional beverage.論文口試委員審定書…………………………………………….. i
謝辭……………………………………………………………….. ii
中文摘要………………………………………………………….. iv
英文摘要………………………………………………………….. v
目錄……………………………………………………………….. vii
表次……………………………………………………………….. x
圖次……………………………………………………………….. xii
壹、 前言…………………………………………………. 1
貳、 文獻整理……………………………………………. 3
1. 大豆…………………………………………………. 3
1.1. 豆漿與豆渣…………………………………………. 4
1.2. 大豆異黃酮…………………………………………. 8
2. 介質研磨…………………………………………… 11
3. 體外模擬腸胃道消化………………………………. 15
4. 氧化壓力、抗氧化物質與內生性抗氧化酵素……. 19
5. 抗氧化活性測定與機制……………………………. 23
5.1. 體外化學性抗氧化活性測定………………………. 23
5.2. 細胞抗氧化活性測定………………………………. 25
參、 研究目的與實驗架構………………………………. 28
1. 研究目的……………………………………………. 28
2. 實驗架構……………………………………………. 29
肆、 材料與方法…………………………………………. 30
第一部份：物理化學性質……………………………………... 30
1. 實驗材料……………………………………………. 30
2. 實驗藥品與溶劑……………………………………. 30
3. 儀器設備……………………………………………. 31
4. 實驗方法……………………………………………. 32
第二部份：體外模擬腸胃道消化與抗氧化活性……………... 44
1. 實驗材料……………………………………………. 44
2. 實驗藥品與溶劑……………………………………. 44
3. 儀器設備……………………………………………. 46
4. 實驗方法……………………………………………. 47
伍、 結果與討論…………………………………………. 57
第一部份：物理化學性質……………………………………... 57
1. 粒徑分析……………………………………………. 57
2. 粒子型態……………………………………………. 62
3. 固形物含量、固形物回收率、黏度與pH值……….. 66
4. 穩定性……………………………………………. 70
5. 顏色與外觀…………………………………………. 72
6. 基本成份分析………………………………………. 75
7. 總多酚含量…………………………………………. 77
8. 異黃酮含量…………………………………………. 78
9. 感官品評分析………………………………………. 84
第二部份：體外模擬腸胃道消化與抗氧化活性……………... 86
1. 模擬腸胃道消化前後質量平衡……………………. 86
2. pH值………………………………….…………….. 86
3. 總多酚含量……………………………………………. 88
4. 異黃酮含量……………………………………………. 90
5. 化學性抗氧化能力分析………………………………. 92
5.1. DPPH自由基清除能力……………………………….. 92
5.2. ABTS自由基清除能力……………………………….. 95
5.3. 氧自由基吸收能力……………………………………. 99
6. 細胞抗氧化能力分析…………………………………. 102
6.1. 細胞存活率……………………………………………. 102
6.2. 細胞抗氧化活性………………………………………. 103
7. 功能性成份與抗氧化活性相關性分析………………. 104
陸、 結論……………………………………………………. 113
柒、 參考文獻………………………………………………. 114
捌、 附錄……………………………………………………. 13
The Impact of Government Ethics Officials'' Conflicting Roles on the Job Sastisfaction and the Job Involvement '' : A Study of Taipei City Government
No full text本論文以「政風人員角色衝突對工作滿意度及工作投入之影響」進行研究，藉此瞭解：(1)政風人員角色衝突對其工作滿意度之影響情形及影響程度；(2)政風人員工作滿意度對其工作投入之影響情形及影響程度；(3)角色衝突是否透過工作滿意度對工作投入產生影響。
經對臺北市政府政風處暨所屬政風機構政風人員進行問卷調查，共計回收252份有效問卷，運用SPSS統計軟體進行迴歸分析結果，獲取三項研究結論：(1)政風人員角色衝突，對工作滿意度具有顯著負向影響；(2)政風人員工作滿意度對於工作投入具有顯著正向影響；(3)工作滿意度對角色衝突與工作投入之關係具有中介效果，顯示角色衝突會使政風人員工作滿意度降低，進而減少工作投入。
據上述結論，本論文提出四項建議事項，供上級政風機構及廉政署作為管理政風人員參考：（1）順暢內部協調機制，以減緩政風人員面臨雙重隸屬之角色衝突；（2）調整績效管考制度，減緩政風人員的角色衝突感；（3）強化內部政策溝通，以提高工作滿意度及工作投入；（4）調整現有角色定位，並建立機關間溝通網絡。This is a study on “The Impact of Government Ethics Officials Conflicting Roles on the Job Sastisfaction and the Job Involvement: A Study of Taipei City Government" The aim is to understand:
(1)The conditions and extent of the effects in job satisfaction with regard to role conflicts within government ethics officials.
(2)The conditions and extent of the effects in job involvement with regard to job satisfaction within government ethics officials.
(3)Whether role conflicts are effected through job satisfaction and influence job involvement.
By means of a survey on government ethics officials in the Department of Government Ethics as well as subordinate ethics offices of the Taipei City Government, a total of 252 valid questionnaires we received. Using the SPSS statistics program and gathering results from the regression analysis, three conclusions of the study were obtained:
(1)The role conflicts within government ethics officials have a significant negative effect on job satisfaction.
(2)The job satisfaction within government ethics personnel are a significant positive effect on job involvement.
(3)Job satisfaction have a mediating effect on the relationship between role conflict and job involvement.
From the above conclusions, this study proposes some methods in management within government ethics personnel for superior government ethics offices and the Agency Against Corruption.第一章 緒論…………………………………………………………………1
第一節 研究背景…………………………………………………………1
第二節 研究動機與目的………………………………………………2
第三節 研究流程……………………………………………………………3
第二章 政風機構簡介…………………………………………………5
第一節 我國政風機構歷史沿革…………………………………5
第二節 政風機構之設置、職掌…………………………………6
第三節 政風人員的角色定位及角色衝突…………………9
第三章 文獻探討…………………………………………………………11
第一節 角色衝突…………………………………………………………11
第二節 工作滿意度……………………………………………………16
第三節 工作投入…………………………………………………………23
第四節 各變項間之關係……………………………………………27
第四章 研究設計…………………………………………………………32
第一節 研究架構…………………………………………………………32
第二節 研究假設…………………………………………………………34
第三節 研究變項操作型定義與衡量………………………35
第四節 研究對象、問卷發放與回收………………………44
第五節 統計分析方法…………………………………………………45
第五章 研究結果…………………………………………………………48
第一節 樣本敘述性統計分析……………………………………48
第二節 相關分析…………………………………………………………50
第三節 迴歸分析…………………………………………………………51
第六章 結論與建議……………………………………………………64
第一節 研究結論…………………………………………………………64
第二節 管理意涵…………………………………………………………66
第三節 研究限制與後續研究建議……………………………69
問卷……………………………………………………………………………………71
參考文獻……………………………………………………………………………7
Dataset to support the publication 'Plasmonic anapole metamaterial for refractive index sensing'
No full textThis Dataset supports the publication of 'Plasmonic anapole metamaterial for refractive index sensing' published in PhotoniX (issn: 2662-1991). DOI of the article: 10.1186/s43074-022-00069-x
The data includes related information to Fig 2, 3 and 4.
Fig. 2 shows Electromagnetic responses of two components of the plasmonic anapole metamaterial. (b) transmission (blue curve) and reflection (red curve) spectra, (c) multipole decomposition and phases of electric dipole and toroidal dipole moments, and (d) normalized yz-plane electric field and magnetic field distributions of the dumbbell-perforated gold film placed on the dielectric substrate.
Fig. 3 shows Electromagnetic responses of the plasmonic anapole metamaterial. (a) Measured and (b) simulated transmission (blue curve) and reflection (red curve) spectra, (c) multipole decomposition, (d) phases of electric dipole and toroidal dipole moments, and (e) normalized electric field and magnetic field
distributions of the plasmonic anapole metamaterial in the yz-plane and the xy-plane. Grey dotted lines in Fig. 3b-d denote the resonant wavelength of anapole mode. White dashed arrows depict the orientations of the magnetic field. The xy cut plane is located in the middle of the upper dumbbell-perforated gold film.
All the geometric parameters are identical to those in Fig. 2.
Fig. 4 shows Refractive index sensing application of the plasmonic anapole metamaterial. (a) Measured and (b) simulated transmission and reflection spectra with variable ambient refractive index from 1.30 to 1.39 with a step of 0.01. Dark (light) blue and red correspond to transmission and reflection at refractive index
n = 1.30 (1.39). (c) The resonant wavelengths of the anapole mode from experimental and simulation results as functions of the ambient refractive index. The black solid lines represent the linear fitting results.</span
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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